The results section is not for interpreting the results in any way; that belongs strictly in the discussion section. How to write the results and discussion. Start your report by outlining the purpose of the project and what it seeks to achieve. Scoville R. Ten graphs (and how to use them). Revised on September 11, 2020. For the author, the report is a concentrate, while for the recipient it is a whole. An abstract describes what you do in your essay, whether its a You should aim to narrate your findings without trying to interpret or evaluate them, other than to provide a link to the discussion section.For example, you may have noticed an unusual correlation between two variables during the analysis of your results. A project management report describes a project and the steps your team should take to complete it. Evaluating the medical literature Part II: Statistical analysis. A template for writing a scientific paper. Michael P. Dosch CRNA MS To summarize its importance, if you want a successful research project, you need to write a great proposal for it. Here's how you should write Be happy! You need to adopt a critical approach. Are the results of statistical analysis presented? You select those descriptive and inferential statistics you wish to use, and place them in the order that seems reasonable to you. Evaluating the medical literature Part I: Abstract, Introduction, Methods. Elenbaas RM, Elenbaas JK, Cuddy PG. Johnson SH. The abstract summarizes the report, indicating the conclusions the report attempts to provide, the construction and engineering methods the authors used to complete the project and brief analysis of the success of the projects construction. After institutional review board approval and with written informed consent, a controlled, double-blinded study was conducted with 105 male and female patients, ASA status I to III, randomly assigned into 2 groups with the aid of a computer-generated table of random numbers. Youll then need to list the resources needed to finish the project, including manpower, tools, and products. To show correlations (how well does one thing predict another? May be done in Table 1 in less-complicated studies; or be set apart to emphasize its importance. The results section is where you tell the reader the basic descriptive information about the scales you used (report the mean and standard deviation for each scale). It keeps everyone on the same page and manages each others expectations. Suggestions for future research ("If I had to do it over I would"). Includes a Report Writing checklist for use by students. University of Detroit Mercy Graduate Program in Nurse Anesthesiology, Shows informed consent, and that exclusions were not arbitrary. Scientific research reports are an important part of finishing up science projects and sharing your results. University of Detroit Mercy Graduate Program in Nurse Anesthesiology Writing for publication. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1993; Chapter 22 Interpreting research outcomes (p. 603-14), Chapter 23 Communicating research findings (p. 615-46). Just a small amount of writing to go from this point. If they do not, explain why not, or you may leave it unresolved "We cannot account for the difference seen in". A typical lab report would include the following sections: title, abstract, introduction, method, results and discussion. An example of a two-line abstract of this report follows: Provides an outline of an example report and a summary of the main elements a report should include. The patients who received droperidol had a trend towards a higher incidence of post discharge antiemetic use than the patients in the ondansetron group (P=0.091). Youre getting there. Results and discussion. Structured abstracts (See current abstracts in Anesth Analg or Anesthesiology)? Michael P. Dosch CRNA MS June 2009 Results. your expectation as expressed in the hypothesis? How to Begin Preparation for a Project Report. Presentation at AANA Assembly of School Faculty, Feb 21, 1992. Patients in the droperidol group did not spend a longer time in PACU (87 62 min) as compared to the ondansetron group (102 62 min; P=.443). Tornquist E. The nuts and bolts of publishing your research. Step 7: Make recommendations. Data is expressed as number within the sample who possess the characteristic. Be happy! Nurse Anesthesia 1993;4(3):130-5. Lab Report Format. Before starting with the outline, you need to understand the basic components. Unanticipated amounts of side effects or pain? Step 8: Draft the executive summary and table of contents. Beware inappropriate conclusions (beyond the range of the data, beyond the design of the study), Introduction with clinical importance and a key reference or two, Results of testing the main hypothesis and most significant other results only, Discussion a sentence or two on main implications or conclusion. Were there limitations (sample size of course but what else)? Not enough men in the study? How to write a good report The goal and functions to a good scientific report. If you choose to combine the results section and the discussion section into a single narrative, you must be clear in how you report the information discovered and your own interpretation of each finding. Explain how the results answer the question under study, Emphasize what is new, different, or important about your results, Consider alternative explanations for the results, Avoid biased language or biased citation of previous work, Dont confuse non-significance (large P) with "no difference" especially with small sample sizes, Dont confuse statistical significance with clinical importance, Never give incidental observations the weight you attach to conclusions based on hypotheses generated before the study began, Answer whether the results make sense in terms of. CRNA Forum 1993;9(2):3-18. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or desflurane in oxygen. Step 5: Draft the first part of your report. In fact, those who wish to write their own reports as opposed to downloading a template can learn much from project report samples. Do not state any differences were present between groups unless a significant P value is attached. Elenbaas JK, Cuddy PG, Elenbaas RM. Just a small amount of writing to go from this point. See Table 2." Results that are "sidelights" should not receive equal weight. ), use a column chart or line graph. Step 4: Decide on the structure. The Content. ), use a scatterplot or multiplot chart. It quantifies work performed and completed in measurable terms. Ann Emerg Med 1983;12:610-20. Include numbers for the main hypothesis (with descriptive statistics for central tendency & variability) so that readers will have a sense of the size of the treatment effect, and later researchers will have a basis for power and sample size calculations. How To Write A Coursework Introduction How to Write a Lab Report Discussion. Is ondansetron as effective as droperidol in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting? You should include relevant references to such work in your project report. Anesth Analg 1990;70:91-6. PC World 1988 Sep:216-9. Compose an abstract of the report. from other sources. When presenting the results for the main hypotheses, consider: Is enough detail presented to allow the reader to determine whether the effect of the experimental treatment (vs. chance alone, not bias or sloppy technique) produced the significant statistical value? Shows that demographic and prognostic variables were evenly balanced in the process of random allocation of subjects to experimental and control groups. Nagelhout J. Patients in the droperidol group showed a trend (P=.078) toward less PONV (0.37 0.038; mean one standard deviation) than the ondansetron group (1.0 2.362). Is the degree of variability reported (and whether it is an SD or SEM identified)? Be specific. Youre getting there. Tables and graphs both carry a necessary part of the message- use both. Results should answer main hypothesis or research question(s). The results and discussion are (relatively) cut and dried. Project status repo Your abstract is simply a short, stand-alone summary of the work or paper that others can use as an overview. Step 3: Find the information. How to write a report. For a qualitative paper, although there is no need for statistical analysis of data, there is still a need to interpret the results for your audience in the Discussion section. A good project report will show that you are aware of relevant work that other people have done (see Section 3.2). In conclusion, pretreatment with droperidol reduced the incidence of PONV in this sample, and patients did not stay longer in the PACU with the droperidol treatment. what you read before beginning (texts & research articles)? Are tables and graphs clearly labeled and appropriately scaled? Abstracts are typically limited to 200 to 250 words. Syringes of identical appearence containing either agent were prepared by the satellite pharmacist, who alone was aware of group assignment. All patients received a standardized induction with d-tubocurarine, succinylcholine, thiopental sodium, and fentanyl (2 to 20 mcg/kg). How to Write a Lab Report. References to work in periodicals, i.e. If you need to write an abstract for an academic or scientific paper, don't panic! Cuddy PG, Elenbaas RM, Elenbaas JK. A report is part of the scientific work. Further study is needed to determine if a combination of droperidol and ondansetron would decrease PONV more effectively than either agent used alone. Text should highlight the importance or meaning of the figures and tables, not repeat the data contained within them. Implications for patient care, or for theory. Five minutes prior to induction of general anesthesia, patients received either ondansetron 4 mg intravenously (IV), or droperidol 1.25 mg IV. All data was collected by the principal investigators in a blinded fashion, rating PONV using a visual analogue scale of 0 to 10. Burns N, Grove SK. If your results agree with previous work, fine. Pamela J. Mencken RN BSN, Debra J. Blalock RN BSN, Wayne R. Miller PharmD, Michael P. Davis CRNA MS, Peter D. Hamm CRNA MS. And make sure they are congruent with your research purpose, objectives, hypothesis, and methods. You should discuss what you infer from the data. NOT "There was a significance between the beans-and-franks (B&F) group and the corn dog group. Dont attach equal importance (or even bother to include) the entire statistical output. How to write a discussion section. Step 1: Decide on the 'Terms of reference' Step 2: Decide on the procedure. The cost of these drugs often results in the use of less expensive antiemetics such as droperidol. brief summary of the report including the methods used, the key findings and conclusions. The first thing to note is that you shouldn't discuss outcomes that are presented in results. Order simple to complex (building to conclusion); or may state conclusion first, Conclusion should be consistent with study objectives/research question. magazines and journals, Anesth Analg 1995; 81:603-7). Present your results in a logical sequence, highlighting what is important and how the data you obtained have been analysed to provide the results you discuss. The most common type of project report, a project status report provides a general state of the project to its stakeholders. Now that we've established what this whole thing actually is, let's talk about doing discussion for lab report properly. All patients underwent elective intra abdominal procedures. See Table 2.". Now that youve seen our selection of templates and know what a project report is, the time has come to provide a how to write a project report example. This page is http://healthprofessions.udmercy.edu/programs/crna/agm/htresult.htm. The groups did not differ significantly in age, weight, height, ASA status, or doses of intraoperative drugs. II. Probability determined using Chi square (or Fishers Exact test for 2 x 2 tables). Published on March 21, 2019 by Shona McCombes. Avoiding the "school paper style" rejection. brief version of a any theory) needed to discuss the project. Failure to look at a crucial time interval? But be sure to run them by all committee members and your program director before publishing or creating the poster, to make sure you havent overlooked anything. Pretreatment with droperidol resulted in an overall 11.8% incidence of PONV, compared to 26.5% incidence in the ondansetron group (P=.07). Tables and graphs must stand alone (Can a member of your department unfamiliar with the study pick up your graph and explain its meaning to you?). ), use a pie chart, a horizontal bar chart, or a table, To show trends (How do things change over time? To show whats typical vs. exceptional (particularly how two groups compare in some dimension or variable), use a histogram, a cumulative percentage chart, or a box plot. By Saul McLeod, updated 2019. Five patients were eliminated from the study; 1 was lost to follow up, 2 patients exceeded the surgical time limit of 4 hours, 1 patient did not receive general anesthesia, and 1 patient did not receive the general anesthesia protocol as described. For a quantitative study, it would involve analyzing and interpreting the data presented in the Results section. The description of findings [results] and the interpretation of their significance [discussion] should be distinct sections of your paper. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains 20 to 30% despite the availability of newer antiemetics such as ondansetron and other 5-HT3 antagonists. The content of the discussion section of your paper most often includes:. 2nd ed. Exclusion criteria included weight exceeding body mass index of 30 kg/m2, nasogastric tube prior to induction, history of motion sickness or postoperative nausea and vomiting, antiemetic use within 24 hours of surgery, pregnancy, and subjects with contraindications to either study drug. It goes without saying that a clear outline is important when it comes to presenting the literature review and writing the entire paper. Can one determine what statistical test produced the result? Low response rate? You may note trends if you like (.05 < P <.10). Were there any problems with carrying out the method as originally planned? The few studies which have examined prophylaxis of PONV have had small sample sizes (Grond et al. Step 6: Analyse your findings and draw conclusions. Ann Emerg Med 1983;12:549-55. Regardless of its form and style, the functions of a report are: information on the work performed, observed results and conclusions are drawn. Ann Emerg Med 1983;12:679-86. Eger EI. It compares this with an established baseline to see if the project is on track or; if adjustments have to be made if the project is behind its schedule. Lab Report Format. The results and discussion are (relatively) cut and dried. Are baseline values for the groups similar? To compare proportions and relative amounts (How big? Common practice is to treat nausea and vomiting only after it has occurred. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference between ondansetron and droperidol in preventing PONV. Evaluating the medical literature Part III: Results and discussion. The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduct, Critique, and Utilization. State "Cardiac output was less in the beans-and-franks group (P = .03). Quantifies work performed and completed in measurable terms collected by the satellite pharmacist, who alone aware! Need to write their own reports as opposed to downloading a template can learn much from project report a. 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