If your data has little variability as indicated by low variances, then it is possible that additional measurements will not change whatever trend you have. However, when one of your variables has more than two categories, it is better to report the Cramer’s V value. Finally, you need to recall if you have used a so-called covariate or confounder variable. Is there a significant difference between the two groups examined? The discussion is the key section of your thesis. These values are shown in PICTURE 2. Retrieved May 24, 2015 from http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~martins/sen_sem/thesis_org.html, Dr. Patrick A. Regoniel is a graduate school professor of Palawan State University. No one’s 100 percent sure. I guess it seems logical. Remember that there is no such thing as a simple explanation of a complex phenomenon. Words are more subjective and replete with misunderstanding. You need to report the same thing for your other predictor – that is, participants’ weight. What you need to do now is to present the findings for each subtheme, while also reporting quotes that best describe your subtheme. Then you report the results of the ANOVA test by reporting the F value, degrees of freedom (for within-subjects and between-subjects comparisons), and the significance value. You might write these sections individually, or combine them right into a single chapter, based on your college’s guidelines as … This will probably be among the longest parts of your dissertation, and it’s smart to break it lower into chunks with sub-headings to assist your readers to travel through the detail. Things happen due to something else. This test assesses the homogeneity of variance – the assumption being that all comparison groups should have the same variance. You present the results, show the analysis, and interpret the outcome of the analysis. You need to keep in mind that the IMRAD structure is best used to write up empirical … When each of your variables has only two categories, as in the present example, Phi and Cramer’s V values are identical and it doesn’t matter which one you will report. Home » Thesis » Result and discussion sample thesis proposal. For continuous variables, you are using descriptive statistics and reporting the measures of central tendency (mean) and measures of variability or spread (standard deviation). Finally, you need to report the model’s coefficients. How to write your thesis. You report these results in exactly the same way as in ANOVA. You do this by outlining your observation first (this can be a conversation or a behaviour that you observed), and then commenting upon it. Because Coca-Cola is sweet, I feel like I have taken a candy, and this doesn’t refresh me. The purpose of the discussion is to explain the central results and potential implications of your study. If you’re unsure whether or not to include certain results, return to your quest questions and choose if the answers are highly relevant to them. Recall that you have previously outlined descriptive statistics for these variables, where you have noted means and standard deviations for males’ and females’ scores on the determination to read the novel (see TABLE 2 above). If you have used a covariate, your table is slightly more complex, such as that shown in TABLE 5. Many people are prone to write this best by preparing an overview, aiming the broad thrust from the argument, and the way your results support it. However, if the test is significant, the assumption has been violated and you need to report instead the Welch statistic, associated degrees of freedom, and significance value (which you will see in your output; for example, see PICTURE 3 above). The results section is where you tell the reader the basic descriptive information about the scales you used (report the mean and standard deviation for each scale). You need to report the F values, degrees of freedom (for each variable and error), and significance values for both the covariate and the main independent variable. Lastly, you might have wanted to see if the link between gender and the determination to read the book exists after controlling for participants’ current relationship status. It doesn’t matter whether or not they are supportive or otherwise, it’s about relevance. When asked why doing a dissertation can be such a headache, the typical student usually replies with one of two answers. Both these statistics require you to make a table, and in both cases you also need to comment upon the statistics. Another participant agreed by noting: “I completely agree with what she said. Here’s an example of how to report a quote within a text: Several participants noted that they started smoking because they thought smoking was cool. Support that statement with more detail such as presenting the results of statistical analysis. For instance, you may want to see if participants’ height correlates with their self-esteem levels. In this case, weight is a confounding variable that you need to control for. Some universities need a separate section on strategies for policy and exercise and/or future research, while some permit you to include this inside your discussion, check the rules carefully. Summarise your leads to the written text, applying the figures and tables as one example of your points. Reaction arises from action. Make sure that the data you analyzed can be extrapolated or will allow you to predict somehow the behavior of one variable. Since your research was organised in this manner, you already have three major themes: (1) reasons for starting to smoke, (2) reasons for continuing to smoke, and (3) reasons for quitting smoking. When reporting the results, you should organise your text in subsections. All of this may sound quite complex. You can report your results in the following manner: Single participants were most determined to read the book (M = 7.11, SD = .45), followed by divorced participants (M = 5.11, SD = .55) and participants who are in a relationship (M = 4.95, SD = .44). If your research has relied on observations, then your task was to observe a particular behaviour in a particular setting. If you have assessed the association between participants’ height and self-esteem, while controlling for participants’ weight, then your research consists of three continuous variables. Company Registration No. It would be interesting to be in the controversial side as long as you have done your study systematically and bias is reduced to a minimum. Moreover, 22 (44%) males and 26 (52%) females indicated that they are currently in a relationship. Cramer’s V value was significant (Cramer’s V = .75, p < .001) and it indicated a high strength of the association. Also note how “*”, “**”, and “***” are used to annotate correlations that are significant at different levels. Following this, you need to report your descriptive statistics, as outlined previously. Correlations between all variables used in research: These are the specific points that you need to address in order to make sure that all assumptions have been met: (1) for the assumption of no multicollinearity (i.e., a lack of high correlation between your independent variables), you need to establish that none of your Tolerance statistics are below .01 and none of the VIF statistics are above 10; (2) for the assumption of no autocorrelation of residuals (i.e., a lack of correlation between the residuals of two observations), you need to look at this table and see whether your Durbin-Watson statistic falls within a desirable range, depending on your number of participants and the number of predictors (independent variables); and. You need to make a table, as in TABLE 1 below, which identifies means and standard deviations for all these variables. After that, I was breaking up with my girlfriend. There was also a significant effect of relationship status on the determination to read the romantic novel, after controlling for the effect of the general interest in books (F(2,26) = 4.14, p < .001). If there is, then say it and explain why so, again based on your observations or evidence. A complete knowledge of the constraints of the research belongs to a great discussion section. Note that Cramer’s V value can range from 0 to 1. When writing a dissertation or thesis, the outcomes and discussion sections could be both most fascinating along with the most difficult sections to create. No human has absolute understanding of everything. TABLE 1. Here, your independent variable is gender and your dependent variable is the determination to read the book. You should connect these specific reasons to particular quotes. It is easy to follow your presentation if you break this into meaningful subtopics based on your stated objectives. Here, you report the results by saying: Spearman correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between people’s height and their self-esteem (rs = .44, p < .001). Because both height and scores on a measure of self-esteem can have a wide range, you have two continuous variables. Always match your generalization with whatever results you have. Finally, you need to look at the results of the Tests of Between-Subjects Effects (which you will see in your output). Now you have five subthemes within your “reasons for starting to smoke” theme. Frequencies statistics for all variables used in research: The first of these is correlation, which you use when you want to establish if one or more (continuous, independent) variables relate to another (continuous, dependent) variable. 1 = no determination at all to read the book, all the way to 10 = extremely strong determination to read it), then this is a continuous variable; however, if you have asked your participants to say whether they do or do not want to read the book, then this is a categorical variable (since there are two categories: “yes” and “no”). Spatial differences refer to differences in space or location within the same time frame. Pictures can speak a thousand words. The first reason why some participants favoured Schweppes over Coca-Cola is that Schweppes is considered as less sweet. Finally, you need to report the strength of the association, for which you need to look at the Phi and Cramer’s V values. When reporting the results, you first need to categorise your observations. You have asked your participants questions that explored why they started smoking, why they continue to smoke, and why they wish to quit smoking. To put this another way, you are noting how many males versus females wanted to read the book and how many of them were in a relationship, as shown in TABLE 3. Here is another example. Your key results should be stated clearly at the beginning of each paragraph. You can see all these in your output. In case your answers are questionable and/or unpredicted, you need to set them fully in context and explain why you believe you acquired them. You report the results by saying something like: So you should never say “prove” as a matter of contention. This would look as shown in TABLE 2. For this, you need to conduct planned contrasts and report the associated significance values for different comparisons. When to Write Dissertation Findings Chapter. Conclude by summarising the implications of the findings briefly, and explain why they’re essential for researchers as well as in practice, and supply a few recommendations for more work. This seems beneficial because the patient has arrived at the link between stress and symptoms himself. To report the results, you need to look at the “test of between-subjects effects” table in your output. How does all of this look in practice? You can consider these as themes in your observations. Kim Kastens, Stephanie Pfirman, Martin Stute, Bill Hahn, Dallas Abbott, and Chris Scholz (n.d.). ANOVA revealed significant between-groups differences (F(2,12) = 5.12, p = .004). One-to-one help with your entire dissertation. You can also outline descriptive statistics for specific groups. You might find techniques like mind mapping are useful for making an initial outline take a look at our page: Creativity for many ideas on how to consider your opinions. And it feels great, doesn't it? You can start by referring to your quest questions, discuss your results, then set them in to the context from the literature, after which into broader theory. For every increase in weight by 1 kg, self-esteem decreased by 35. Descriptive statistics for the determination to read the book, by gender: We can see how to report frequencies statistics for different groups by referring to our second example about gender, determination to read a romantic novel, and participants’ relationship status. The results and discussion section is also referred to as the data presentation, analysis, and interpretation section. Does it support previously advanced hypotheses? Since the value of 5 falls within the middle of this range, you are concluding that the mean value of self-esteem is moderate. If the test is non-significant, the assumption has been met and you are reporting the standard F value. Within each section, you need to identify specific reasons for these preferences. It should serve as the topic sentence (see the TSPU Principle). Once again, you may find it helpful to read the chapter by Andy Field on MANOVA, which can be accessed here. You can choose chronological, that ought to stick to the methods, or perhaps in order from most to lowest within the answering of the research questions, or by research question and/or hypothesis. This should help you to determine whether your answers are over-focused in a single area, and that’s why writing your research in the process could be a useful process. Why is your work important and what things need to be investigated further? You have reviewed the literature and use it as a leverage for advancing your hypothesis or inference. This should be evident in the graph that you presented. Before you report any analyses, which aimed to test your hypotheses, you first need to report descriptive and/or frequencies statistics. i hope this clears the coast very well. Make certain that all you discuss is included within the results section. So I thought that, if I start smoking, I will be more like these older boys” (interview 1, male). These are called determining factors. To help you further, we've broken the information down into both quantitative and qualitative results, so you can focus on what applies to you most. Patient: Yes, of course. What the are the important things that your study has contributed so far in view of what has been laid out in the body of literature? Note that, in this example, you are concluding that participants had moderate self-esteem levels if their self-esteem was assessed on a 1 to 10 scale. You have transcribed your focus group sessions and have extracted themes from the data. Your work reviewed by an expert academic. Don’t say 50% when you actually have only two, three, or even four samples described in your study. Record tests will include information on p values or confidence times and limits. The model explained 33.5% of variance in self-esteem scores. When reporting the results, you first need to notice whether the so-called Box’s test and Levene’s test are significant. There is a significant positive relationship between the number of hours spent by students in answering Mathematics questions and their examination score. For those who have greater than about 2 or 3, it’s frequently useful to supply lists of tables and figures plus the table of contents at the beginning of your dissertation. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. You don’t need to become apologetic about these, since you designed a choice about the subject, which you ought to have justified within the methodology section. All quantitative research has at least one independent and one dependent variable, and, at this point, you should define them explicitly. See our pages: Analysing Qualitative Data and Simple Record Analysis for additional info on analysing your results. This will help you understand all you need to know about the assumptions of a regression analysis, how to test them, and what to do if they have not been met. You may even desire to have strategies for practice. Your explanations can include issues like a non-representative sample for convenience purposes, an answer rate skewed towards individuals having a particular experience, or perhaps your own participation like a participant for sociological research. If you have more than 3 or 4 variables in your paper, you might want to put this descriptive information in a table to keep the text from being too choppy and bogged down (see the APA manual for ideas on creating good tables). The output will tell you which comparisons are significant. But if your work has potential to make life better, then it’s a great accomplishment. Use a number of different ways of presentation, and think about your readers: 20 pages of dense tables are confusing, much like five pages of graphs, however a single table and well-selected graph that illustrate your general findings can make things much clearer. As soon as you have gathered and analysed your data, you can start to write up the findings chapter of your dissertation paper, which is your chance to report the most notable findings of your research work and relate them to research hypothesis or research questions as set out in the introduction chapter of dissertation. That means you will have to ponder deeply the results of your study and make a knowledgeable statement of your interpretation using the body of evidence at hand. This value represents the change in the outcome associated with a unit change in the predictor. All three types of research are reported in a similar manner. When reporting your results, you should have two sections: one listing reasons for favouring Coca-Cola, and the other listing reasons for favouring Schweppes. Reporting qualitative results is much easier than reporting quantitative results, especially since you don’t have to deal with any statistics. As before, this is usually a separate section, or incorporated inside your discussion. Does your finding support or refute what has been done so far? The Outcomes section should put down your key experimental results, including any record analysis and set up outcomes of they are significant. Now let’s focus on frequencies statistics, which you outline when you have categorical variables. You also need to comment upon the β value. There are two things to note here. He loves writing about a wide range of topics under the sun. independent variable =alcohol VAT Registration No. Note that both tables use “-” to indicate correlations that have already been noted within the table. Say, the first subheading will be about objective one, the second subheading about objective two, and so on. What comprises the results? In order to write up your quantitative results correctly, you must first recall several basic things about your own research. If the histogram has a bell-shaped curve (see purple graph below), your data is normally distributed and you need to rely on a Pearson correlation analysis. Durbin-Watson statistics fell within an expected range, thus indicating that the assumption of no autocorrelation of residuals has been met as well. Accordingly, you will want to report each theme separately. If you have enough samples then you may make a generalization. Return to make certain you have incorporated all of the relevant methods. The outcomes and discussion, including conclusion and suggestions, are most likely probably the most substantial parts of your dissertation. Is there a difference in the morphological measurements of one group of animals obtained from one location compared to another group? 924038244.73 Chalton Street, London NW1 1HY, United Kingdom. You can report the results in the following manner: The covariate, general interest in books, was significantly related to the determination to read the romantic novel (F(1,26) = 4.96, p < .001). We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Conversely, do not generalize when you have very few samples. Once you conclude that your assumptions have been met, you write something like: Since none of the VIF values were below 0.1 and none of the Tolerance values were above 10, the assumption of no multicollinearity has been met. First, before reporting your results, you need to look at your output to see whether the so-called Levene’s test is significant. When commenting upon the results, you can say: Participants were on average 173.50 cm tall (SD = 5.81) and their mean weight was 65.31 kg (SD = 4.44). Now you are faced with analysing your data and writing up the results section of your dissertation. Thus, your task was to transcribe interviews, read through them, assign codes to particular quotes, and group codes to form themes. The second thing to note is that ANOVA tells you only whether there were significant differences between groups – but if there are differences, it doesn’t tell you where these differences lie. Several participants agreed on this notion. TABLE 2. Getting made the decision things to include, next determine what to use. Once completed, you can start to unwind slightly: you are well on towards the last stages of writing! Well, students wail, and we answer. 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