Those nations benefited from Europeans creating more inclusive institutions that lead to higher rates of long term growth. [34] [64] Relative to the United Kingdom, GDP per capita was at roughly similar levels until the middle of the 17th century. In addition Chen claimed that merchants and artificers had less prestige than they did in Western Europe. Some of this period is captured in the text. 53-year-old Aibileen Clark starts us off. Filial piety, or Hsiao/Xiao, is discussed at some length in The Analects. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to India in order to pay for Indian imports. [27] Massive windfalls of fuel, land, food and other resources were necessary for continued growth and capital accumulation, leading to colonialism. [75] New World exports of wood, cotton, and wool are estimated to have saved England the need for 23 to 25million acres (100,000km2) of cultivated land (by comparison, the total amount of cultivated land in England was just 17 million acres), freeing up immense amounts of resources. These innovations contributed to the Great Divergence, elevating Europe and the United States to high economic standing relative to the East. A lack of interest of silviculture in Western Europe, and a lack of forested land, caused wood shortages. That was the consequences of competition in Turkey, and its effects have been as pernicious as the effects of the contrary principle in Spain. The Dutch Republic was controlled by merchants, while Parliament gained control of England after a long struggle culminating in the Glorious Revolution. [69] For the rest of the Joseon period, the country was marred by economic hardships, peasant revolts, and political factionalism until it was annexed by Japan in the early 20th century. Students can use SparkNotes to better understand difficult text that they may not have understood on their own. Te corresponds most closely to the word "virtue", although you may encounter some disagreement among scholars regarding this translation. Although the work does not go into great detail on what ritual traditions actually entailed, their importance is presented as paramount in the cultivation of te and an understanding of the Tao. The high profits earned from the colonies and the slave trade constituted 7percent a year, a relatively high rate of return considering the high rate of depreciation on pre-industrial capital stocks, which limited the amount of savings and capital accumulation. When fragmentation afforded merchants multiple politically independent routes on which to ship their goods, European rulers refrained from imposing onerous regulations and levying arbitrary tolls, lest they lose mercantile traffic to competing realms. [52], The Middle East was more advanced than Western Europe in 1000 CE, on par by the middle of the 16th century, but by 1750, leading Middle-Eastern states had fallen behind the leading Western European states of Britain and the Netherlands. Confucius saw a duty to one's parents and ancestors as instrumental in the cultivation of virtue and as in accordance with ritual. Evidence from India's famine era", "The European origins of economic development", "Colonialism and modern income: Islands as natural experiments", "The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth", The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China, http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9273.html, "Political Institutions, Economic Liberty, and the Great Divergence", "The Wind of Change: Maritime Technology, Trade, and Economic Development", "Globalisation and Economic Development: A Lesson from History". Broadberry, S., & Gupta, B. "My responsibility as a teacher is to design meaningful assignments that can't be mindlessly completed by not reading the text and using SparkNotes instead," said Carpenter. [111], A number of economic historians have argued that European colonialism played a major role in the deindustrialization of non-Western societies. [174], During the era of European imperialism, periphery countries were often set up as specialized producers of specific resources. (1983). On first reading, the passages can appear to be quite haphazard in their arrangement. Dav, Amit. [27] Early European colonization was sustained by profits through selling New World goods to Asia, especially silver to China. [105][50] Between 1880 and 1930 total Indian cotton textile production increased from 1200 million yards to 3700 million yards. The foolproof way a teacher can monitor the site's use is by creating assignments with questions that cannot be easily answered by just visiting SparkNotes. Western Europe's use of coal as an energy substitute for wood in the mid-19th century gave it a major head start in modern energy production. High 64F. Though repelled due to its strong navy and aid from China, the Japanese invasions in the late 16th century were particularly devastating to the peninsula and it never truly recovered until the modern era. [148] Historians like Yu Yingshi and Billy So have shown that as Chinese society became increasingly commercialized from the Song dynasty onward, Confucianism had gradually begun to accept and even support business and trade as legitimate and viable professions, as long as merchants stayed away from unethical actions. Presenting itself as the story of how African-American maids in the South viewed their employers during Jim Crow days, it is equally the story of how they empowered a young white woman to write a best-seller about them, and how that book transformed the Not affiliated with Harvard College. At the same time, it is easily abused. Continue your study of The Bell Jar with these useful links. Colonial legacies and economic growth. [114][115][116] Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century. Mrs. Greenwood, After the Viking, Muslim and Magyar invasions waned in the 10th century, Europe entered a period of prosperity, population growth and territorial expansion known as the High Middle Ages. The 14th century brought a series of calamities: famines, wars, the Black Death and other epidemics. [159], The historian Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. [8][9][10][11], Technological advances, in areas such as railroads, steamboats, mining, and agriculture, were embraced to a higher degree in the West than the East during the Great Divergence. (2006). [4][5][6][7] Yet the largest jump in the divergence happened in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolution and Technological Revolution. [18] In the late 18th century, Mysore's average per-capita income was five times higher than subsistence level,[96] i.e. They kept nurturing their pre-modern inventions and did not move forward with the modern times. racist or sexually-oriented language. [95], There have been similar findings for India. These arrangements proved more hospitable to economic development. By the Song period, the Scholar-officials themselves were using intermediary agents to participate in trading. "I also know to read the SparkNotes myself so that I can recognize if a student is not analyzing the text for himself but rather simply parroting the analysis on SparkNotes. A real decline in per capita income did occur in both China and India but in India began during the Mughal period before British colonialism. According to David Landes, after a few centuries of innovations and inventions, it seemed like the East stopped trying to innovate and began to sustain what they had. "[45], By the 1500s, India, especially the Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world,[46] benefited from extensive external and internal trade. [18][50] Workers in the textile industry, for example, earned more in Bengal and Mysore than they did in Britain, while agricultural labour in Britain had to work longer hours to earn the same amount as in Mysore. [64] There were no significant periods of sustained growth reversals. In mines in the arid northwest of China, ventilation to prevent explosions was much more difficult.[72]. Confucius sought a revival of the Chou traditions that once had been the norm in Lu. [45] The study found that it was "primarily England's spurt and India's stagnation in the first half of the nineteenth century that brought about most serious differences in the standard of living. [8][9][10], According to a 2020 study and dataset, the Great Divergence between northern India (from Gujarat to Bengal) and Britain began in the late 17th century. Students may find it difficult to sift this overload of information, and make responsible choices as far as how to utilize the information given. Japan and the great divergence, 730-1870. [77] In Europe, market efficiency was disrupted by the prevalence of feudalism and mercantilism. These feudal restrictions on land ownership were especially strong in continental Europe. "It is futile to attempt to forbid students to use the site," said Carpenter. [28] China had not begun to use coal on a large scale until around 1900, giving Europe a huge lead on modern energy production. Book II deals largely with issues of governance. The Question and Answer section for The Analects of Confucius is a great [148] [citation needed] This left Europe with abundant idle natural resources. Its agriculture was highly efficient as well as its industry. By the 13th century the best land had been occupied and agricultural income began to fall, though trade and commerce continued to expand, especially in Venice and other northern Italian cities. Egypt also imported coal from overseas, at similar prices to what imported coal cost in France, until the 1830s, when Cairo gained access to coal sources in Lebanon, which had a yearly coal output of 4,000 tons. Find sample tests, essay help, and translations of Shakespeare. He saw these ways as legitimately bettering society. It is up to the teacher to make sure that using SparkNotes to complete an assignment is not a possibility. [85], It has been argued the attitude of the East towards innovation is one of the other factors that might have played a big role in the West's advancements over the East. In contrast, he cites the Ottoman Empire as an example of a state that did have free trade, which he argues had a negative economic impact and contributed to its deindustrialization. India's caste system gave an incentive to elites to drive their unfree laborers harder when faced with increased demand, rather than invest in new capital projects and technology. The abuse of SparkNotes is becoming obsolete.". In this way, SparkNotes is not abused, but taken advantage of responsibly. If you go to high school in this area and are interested in writing for The Page, contact Features Editor Ken Ross at kross@thesunchronicle.com. [139], Government and policies are seen as an integral part of modern societies and have played a major role in how different economies have been formed. [113] In order to compete with Indian imports, Britain invested in labour-saving textile manufacturing technologies during its Industrial Revolution, and following political pressure from the new industrial manufacturers, had the U.K. parliament, in 1813, ended the two centuries old, protectionist East India Company monopoly, on U.K. trade with Asia, that till then had restricted the import of British manufactured goods into the region, and at the same time introducing import tariffs on Indian textiles,[118]. that Europe's political fragmentation interacted with her institutional innovations to foster substantial areas of "economic liberty," where European merchants could organize production freer of central regulation, faced fewer central restrictions on their shipping and pricing decisions, and paid lower tariffs and tolls than their counterparts elsewhere in Eurasia. [87], Classical economists, beginning with Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus, argued that high wages in the West stimulated labor-saving technological advancements. [136][137] This view states that Asian merchants could not develop and accumulate capital because of the risk of state expropriation and claims from fellow kinsmen, which made property rights very insecure compared to those of Europe. Set in Jackson, Mississippi, the novel begins in August 1962 with Aibileen Clark, a middle-aged black domestic worker, taking care of However, others counter that luxury workshops were not unique to Europe; large cities in China and Japan also possessed many luxury workshops for the wealthy,[134] and that luxury workshops do not necessarily stimulate the development of "capitalistic firms". [21] Others, while accepting parity of incomes between the most prosperous parts of China,[22] India,[22][19] Egypt[21] and Europe in the late 18th century, trace the first significant changes in European economies back to the 17th century. Book I serves as a general introduction to the various disciples in the work. Chen (2012) similarly claims that cultural differences were the most fundamental cause for the divergence, arguing that the Humanism of the Renaissance followed by the Enlightenment (including revolutionary changes in attitude towards religion) enabled a mercantile, innovative, individualistic, and capitalistic spirit. Although these specializations brought the periphery countries temporary economic benefit, the overall effect inhibited the industrial development of periphery territories. [50][54] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolen textiles, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. [51], In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, indigo, silks, and saltpeter (for use in munitions). [74] According to Pomeranz, the most important advantage for Europe was the vast amount of fertile, uncultivated land in the Americas which could be used to grow large quantities of farm products required to sustain European economic growth and allowed labor and land to be freed up in Europe for industrialization. By growing cotton for textiles, rather than importing, China exacerbated its water shortage. [50] According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, then nominal wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology,[160] though Indian textiles still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century. Rather than taking the costly route of improving soil fertility, the English increased labor productivity by industrializing agriculture. Twenty-five years to life in prisonthat's the sentence facing our main man, Steve Harmon. Unlike China, Japan and western and central Europe, India did not experience extensive deforestation until the 19th and 20th centuries. This was in contrast to the western society that developed commercial laws and property rights which allowed for the protection and liberty of the marketplace. "[71] The transatlantic slave trade may have further weakened state power in Africa.[71]. Due to regional climate, European coal mines were wetter, and deep mines did not become practical until the introduction of the Newcomen steam engine to pump out groundwater. This created competitive pressures against subdividing plots, and the fact that plots could not be directly passed on to sons forced them to delay marriage until they had accumulated their own possessions. [83], Testing theories related to geographic endowments economists William Easterly and Ross Levine find evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect development through institutions. [170] By the turn of the 19th century, much European farmland had been eroded and depleted of nutrients. ", Efficiency of markets and state intervention, sfn error: multiple targets (2): CITEREFMaddison2007 (, sfn error: multiple targets (2): CITEREFHobson2004 (. However, economic and demographic expansion in the eighteenth century exacerbated the problems of administrative control. [50] Mughal Bengal, the most developed region, in particular, was globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding. Read this Atomic Habits summary to review key takeaways and lessons from the book. "Many English teachers are incorporating more obscure books into their curriculums, which cannot be found on SparkNotes," said senior Gabe Amatruda. An appropriate attitude was also necessary: one of reverence and respect for one's elders and for rites and cultural norms that had been handed down by past generations. [110] The earliest evidence of a major health transition leading to increased life expectancy began in Europe in the 1770s, approximately one century before Asia's. The Analects of Confucius literature essays are academic essays for citation. each comment to let us know of abusive posts. [140][141][142][143], Pomeranz (2000) argues that much of the land market in China was free, with many supposedly hereditary tenants and landlords being frequently removed or forced to sell their land. From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of famous quotes, the SparkNotes The Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) Study Guide has everything you The Analects of Confucius is an anthology of brief passages that present the words of Confucius and his disciples, describe Confucius as a man, and recount some of the events of his life. The resulting drop in the population led to falling rents and rising wages, undermining the feudal and manorial relationships that had characterized Medieval Europe. However, Muhammad Ali Pasha's prospectors searched for coal deposits, and boilers were manufactured and installed in various industries. Monster Summary. There has been free trade in Turkey, and what has it produced? During the Sixth century, powerful warlords and families gained control of the state of Lu, gradually undermining and marginalizing the ducal house. [133] Proponents of this view argue that workshops, which manufactured luxury articles for the wealthy, gradually amassed capital to expand their production and then emerged as large firms producing for a mass market; they believe that Western Europe's unique tastes for luxury stimulated this development further than other cultures. [26] Rapid rates of depreciation on capital meant that a great part of savings in pre-modern economies were spent on replacing depleted capital, hampering capital accumulation. [29], According to a 2014 study, "there was a 'little divergence' within Europe between 1300 and 1800: real wages in the North Sea area more or less stabilized at the level attained after the Black Death, and remained relatively high (above subsistence) throughout the early modern period (and into the nineteenth century), whereas real wages in the 'periphery' (in Germany, Italy, and Spain) began to fall after the fifteenth century and returned to some kind of subsistence minimum during the 15001800 period. SparkNotes are the most helpful study guides around to literature, math, science, and more. Unlike Europe, it was politically united for long periods during that time. But they are also seen as ripe for abuse. Nowadays, most students have access to one or many computers. Economic historian Jean Batou argues that, in addition to having the necessary conditions for rapid industrialization, Egypt also had the necessary conditions for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century. The Help Summary and Analysis of Chapter 1 - 4. Fortunately, through improved farming techniques, the import of fertilizers, and reforestation, Europeans were able to recondition their soil and prevent food shortages from hampering industrialization. SparkNotes, advertised as "Today's Most Popular Study Guides," provides the context of a book or play, plot overview, character list, analysis of major characters, themes, motifs and symbols, and individual chapter summary and analysis. Aibileen is a black woman who works for a white family, the Leefolts. [36][38], In the late imperial period (13681911), comprising the Ming and Qing dynasties, taxation was low, and the economy and population grew significantly, though without substantial increases in productivity. As late as 1812 these manufactures existed; but they have been destroyed. [40] By the end of the 18th century, population density levels exceeded those in Europe. For students struggling with their studies, SparkNotes and similar websites can be a big help. The same phenomenon was discussed by Eric Jones, whose 1981 book The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia popularized the alternate term "European Miracle". In comparison, per-capita income in terms of 1960 dollars for France in 1800 was $240 ($1,060 in 1990 dollars), for Eastern Europe in 1800 was $177 ($782 in 1990 dollars), and for Japan in 1800 was $180 ($795 in 1990 dollars). China had both a printing press and movable type, yet the industrial revolution would occur in Europe. With the Internet, there is a world of knowledge at our fingertips. However, students who rely solely on SparkNotes are only cheating themselves.". [9][90] Life expectancy in China and Japan for adult males were 39.6 and 41.1 respectively, compared with 34 for England, between 27.5 and 30 for France, and 24.7 for Prussia. Taken in consideration with the other terms presented, a more complete concept of the chun-tzu emerges. [125][126][127][128] Per capita GDP decreased from $550 (in 1990 dollars) per person in 1700 under Mughal rule to $533 (in 1990 dollars) in 1820 under British rule, then increased to $618 (in 1990 dollars) in 1947 upon independence. While they did this, the West was focused more on experimentation and trial by error, which led them to come up with new and different ways to improve on existing innovations and create new ones. We'd love to hear eyewitness Others say that having access to sites like Wiki, Google, and SparkNotes, inspires more cheating than studying. [82] Furthermore, the Alps and other parts of the Alpide belt supplied the coastal regions with fresh migrants from the uplands. [124] The introduction of railways into India have been a source of controversy regarding their overall impact, but evidence points to a number of positive outcomes such as higher incomes, economic integration, and famine relief. See a complete list of the characters in Justin Yifu Lin argued that China's large population size proved beneficial in technological advancements prior to the 14th century, but that the large population size was not an important factor in the kind of technological advancements that resulted in the Industrial Revolution. BY NICOLE DOTZENROD ATTLEBORO HIGH SCHOOL. Teachers must assign literature and corresponding assignments that dig deeper than the surface information that SparkNotes provides. "Even the most avid learner is tempted at some point to take the shortcut and save themselves a few hours worth of reading. [84], Beginning in the early 19th century, economic prosperity rose greatly in the West due to improvements in technological efficiency,[85] as evidenced by the advent of new conveniences including the railroad, steamboat, steam engine, and the use of coal as a fuel source. They argue that in the lower Yangtze, most farmers either owned land or held secure tenancy at fixed rates of rent, so that neither farmers nor landlords were exposed to competition. However, this was not the case in China; most idle lands suffered from a lack of water supply, so forests had to be cultivated. The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 15001800 1. [9] The southward population shift between the 12th and 14th centuries resulted in new centers of Chinese industry far from the major coal deposits. or anything. Grier, R. M. (1999). Confucius's plan failed, however, and he left Lu after becoming convinced that the sort of rulers he needed to enlist to his side were not present there. [35][36] Mastery of wet-field rice cultivation opened up the hitherto underdeveloped south of the country, while later northern China was devastated by Jurchen and Mongol invasions, floods and epidemics.