Therefore, you should include credit to the authors whenever you are quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing facts and ideas from their work. Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA Style: Edwin Battistella teaches linguistics and writing at Southern Oregon University in Ashland, where he has served as a dean and as interim provost. Image courtest of Shutterstock. Edwin L. Battistella, Writing for Grammar Girl, How to Write a Compelling Introductory Paragraph. Go beyond formulaic essay structures to write paragraphs that hook your readers. The vast majority of your paragraphs, however, should have a topic sentence. Good paragraphs treat people to an experience. Particularly in paragraphs in which you define or identify an important idea or theory, be consistent in how you refer to it. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. Or they look through a small pair of lenses arranged as a microscope into a drop of water or blood, and magnify by as much as 2000 diameters the living creatures there, many of which are among man’s most dangerous enemies. Repeat key words or phrases. I don’t wish to deny that the flattened, minuscule head of the large-bodied "stegosaurus" houses little brain from our subjective, top-heavy perspective, BUT I do wish to assert that we should not expect more of the beast. Readers generally look to the first few sentences in a paragraph to determine the subject and perspective of the paragraph. IU Bloomington. For example, you might be able to omit a topic sentence in a paragraph that narrates a series of events, if a paragraph continues developing an idea that you introduced (with a topic sentence) in the previous paragraph, or if all the sentences and details in a paragraph clearly refer—perhaps indirectly—to a main point. Along with the smooth flow of sentences, a paragraph’s coherence may also be related to its length. For example, the following is a paraphrase from an essay by Naomi S. Baron: Literacy consists of both reading and writing. A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea, which is expressed in a sentence called the topic sentence. Here are the complete references for the in-text cites in the examples above: THUS ALMOST EVERY TYPE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION YET DISCOVERED HAS BEEN USED TO EXTEND OUR SENSE OF SIGHT IN SOME WAY. Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure—introduction, body, and conclusion. If it is clear, you don't need to repeat the in-text citation for those sentences. George Harrison, “Faith and the Scientist”. Khatchadourian tells readers about the confidentiality agreements that makers of food flavorings sign. McLean, C. P., & Morris, S. H. (2014). This idea directs the paragraph’s development. On the other hand, if a paragraph is very short (only one or two sentences, perhaps), you may need to develop its controlling idea more thoroughly, or combine it with another paragraph. Parallel structures are created by constructing two or more phrases or sentences that have the same grammatical structure and use the same parts of speech. FIRST OF ALL, large animals have relatively smaller brains than related, small animals. It is a story, he suggests, of the “violation of domestic taboos.” The paragraph that follows segues neatly from literary analysis to Seuss’s biography. APA - References: 1, Jan. 2013, pp. Trauma characteristics and posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 29(5), 559-566. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in communicating your meaning to your reader. They can refer back to the previous text. Sometimes good paragraphing is as simple as letting the start of one paragraph serve as the conclusion to the last, leaving readers hanging for half a beat. A paragraph can end in a sharp point, a pin-prick that wakes readers up and focuses their attention on what you’ve just written. (2019, May 3). Stephen Jay Gould, “Were Dinosaurs Dumb?”, (modified from Diana Hacker, A Writer’s Reference), Produced by Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, Accessibility | Privacy Notice We sometimes pause to enjoy great sentences, fresh images, and lyricism. The following paragraph illustrates this pattern of organization. Writing an Intro Paragraph . That’s why it’s often best to put the topic sentence at the very beginning of the paragraph. Here your reader might think that the first sentence is your idea and that Baron’s idea begins in the second sentence. Often, the controlling idea of a paragraph will appear in the form of a topic sentence. 193-200. | This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. One of the most important of these is a topic sentence. As the old adage says, “kill your darlings.” This is a bleed-over from rule #2, … Cancer.gov. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/docview/1543940907?accountid=38129, National Cancer Institute. Paragraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea. Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A topic sentence has several important functions: it substantiates or supports an essay’s thesis statement; it unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. The most common types of primary brain tumors are Anaplastic Astrocytomas and Glioblastomas (38%), and Meningiomas and other Mesenchymal tumors (27%) (NCI, 2019). When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. A number of other techniques that you can use to establish coherence in paragraphs are described below. Let’s not ignore the humble—but noble—paragraph. Writer Louie Menand does this in his essay “Cat People.” Menand engages his readers in a literary analysis of “The Cat in the Hat.” “Every reader,” he deadpans, “will feel that the story revolves around a piece of withheld information”: where does the mother go? Or if we want to see into the center of a steel casting or the chest of an injured child, they send the information on a beam of penetrating short-wave X rays, and then convert it back into images we can see on a screen or photograph. Another example comes from Dan Jurafsky’s “The Language of Food.” In one paragraph, Jurafsky explains the early technology of distillation, its perfection by Arabic and Persian scientists, and its geographic spread. A coherent paragraph also highlights the ties between old information and new information to make the structure of ideas or arguments clear to the reader. Adult Central Nervous System Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) – Health Professional Version. Regardless of the kind of information they contain, all paragraphs share certain characteristics. [1] We should pay more attention to paragraphs. In the paragraph above about scientists and the sense of sight, several sentences in the body of the paragraph have been constructed in a parallel way. (OUP, 2009), "Bad Language" (OUP, 2005), and "The Logic of Markedness" (OUP, 1996). 128, no. In addition, repeating a pattern in a series of consecutive sentences helps your reader see the connections between ideas. This consistency and repetition will bind the paragraph together and help your reader understand your definition or description. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/docview/1543940907?accountid=38129. “If my paraphrase consists of several sentences, should a citation for the original source appear after each sentence?” MLA Style Center, 12 April 2018, https://style.mla.org/paraphrase-of-many-sentences/. Designing good paragraphs is not about taking people on a walk, but about treating them to an experience. If a paragraph is coherent, each sentence flows smoothly into the next without obvious shifts or jumps. They can also review your paper and make suggestions via email if you submit the paper online to WriteAid. Create parallel structures. Try to make it clear in each following sentence if it is still coming from the same source, using phrases like "According to", "They also state...", "That article concludes...". National Cancer Institute. “If my paraphrase consists of several sentences, should a citation for the original source appear after each sentence?”, Click here to learn more about our programs, https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/adult-brain-treatment-pdq, https://style.mla.org/paraphrase-of-many-sentences/. If you feel that the paragraph you are writing is becoming too complex, or contains a series of complex points, you may want to think about splitting it up into individual paragraphs. IN OTHER WORDS, bodies grow faster than brains, AND large animals have low ratios of brain weight to body weight. They found that almost 61% of the teenagers they studied were abused by a relative, and 23.8% were chronically abused. If you have written a very long paragraph, one that fills a double-spaced typed page, for example, you should check it carefully to see if it should start a new paragraph where the original paragraph wanders from its controlling idea. Paragraphs make a piece of writing easier to comprehend and give readers a "break" between new ideas in order to digest what they have just read. This is because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help the reader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points. Here's an explanation and example using MLA style, from the MLA Style Center website: "The citation should appear only after the final sentence of the paraphrase. If my paraphrase consists of several sentences, should a citation for the original source appear after each sentence? Readers should think “Oh!” not “Yup.” (I tried to do that just before with the sentence “And if you bore them, they will skip ahead.”). In some cases, you may need more than one sentence to express a paragraph… Transitional expressions emphasize the relationships between ideas, so they help readers follow your train of thought or see connections that they might otherwise miss or misunderstand. Such a topic sandwich—filled in with subpoints, supporting sentences, and examples—lends itself to formulaic writing. SCIENTISTS HAVE LEARNED TO SUPPLEMENT THE SENSE OF SIGHT IN NUMEROUS WAYS. Body: follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOTdirectly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the … So paragraphing is less about being a tour guide than it is about being the conductor of a symphony. Be consistent in point of view, verb tense, and number. IF we do not recognize this relationship, we are likely to underestimate the mental power of very large animals, dinosaurs in particular. The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA Style is covered in part four of the MLA Style Manual. On occasion, too, the best paragraphs are single sentences. A paragraph could contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. No A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea, which is expressed in a sentence called the topic sentence. Introduction: the first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition. Menand begins the paragraph with the sentence “The decision to turn ‘The Cat in the Hat’ on the trope of the mater abscondita is not without interest, coming, as it does, from a writer who chose his mother’s maiden name as his pen name.” The reader is hooked. McLean and Morris (2014) studied the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and adolescent PTSD. Although most paragraphs should have a topic sentence, there are a few situations when a paragraph might not need a topic sentence. Or they can bring happenings of long ago and far away as colored motion pictures, by arranging silver atoms and color-absorbing molecules to force light waves into the patterns of original reality. Indiana University Bloomington SINCE we have no reason to believe that large animals are consistently stupider than their smaller relatives, we must conclude that large animals require relatively less brain to do as well as smaller animals. How to Write A Conclusion. And if you bore them, they will skip ahead. The paragraph ends with an example of a company honoring the agreement even years later. keep it short and sweet. Copyright © 2020 Macmillan Holdings, LLC. Indiana University Bloomington Quick & Dirty Tips™ and related trademarks appearing on this website are the property of Mignon Fogarty, Inc. and Macmillan Holdings, LLC. A topic sentence has several important functions: it substantiates or supports an essay’s thesis statement; it unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. Yes It's often easier to write the introductory paragraph after you've written the first draft of the main part of the paper (or at least sketched out a detailed outline, section by section or paragraph by paragraph). You can alternate this with putting the in-text cite in parentheses at the end of other sentences or the paragraph. In a coherent paragraph, each sentence relates clearly to the topic sentence or controlling idea, but there is more to coherence than this. If you just put one in-text cite at the end of the paragraph, it might not be clear where the ideas at the beginning of the paragraph came from. But the NCI also says that metastatic brain tumors, which spread to the brain from other cancer sites like the lungs and breasts, happen ten times as often as primary ones that start in the brain (2019). 0. my paraphrase consists of several sentences, should a citation for the original source appear after each sentence? Raffi Khatchadourian does this in his essay “The Taste Makers,” writing about the flavor industry. Great paragraph transitions hook your readers. Consistency in point of view, verb tense, and number is a subtle but important aspect of coherence. Note: If a signal phrase or lead-in phrase states the authors in the text of the sentence, you only need to put the year in parentheses.   Or, if we want to see distant happenings on earth, they use some of the previously wasted electromagnetic waves to carry television images which they re-create as light by whipping tiny crystals on a screen with electrons in a vacuum. The best way to solve this problem and still make your paper easy to read is to use a lead-in referring to your source at the beginning of a sentence or at the start of the paragraph (signal phrase). The following paragraph shows how carefully chosen transitions (CAPITALIZED) lead the reader smoothly from the introduction to the conclusion of the paragraph. In some cases, however, it’s more effective to place another sentence before the topic sentence—for example, a sentence linking the current paragraph to the previous one, or one providing background information. Such inconsistencies can also confuse your reader and make your argument more difficult to follow. IN FACT, brains grow only about two-thirds as fast as bodies. 2 We often read for information and for story. A paragraph can end in a sharp point, a pin-prick that wakes readers up and focuses their attention on what you’ve just written. Adult Central Nervous System Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) – Health Professional Version. Asked about their flavor development for Snapple, the Brooklyn-based flavoring company Virginia Dare “refused to discuss the matter.” The next paragraph opens with the broader point: “Such secrecy helps shape the story of our food.” Had Khatchadourian ended his previous paragraph with that line, it would be a flat summary. At the beginning of the next paragraph, however, it sets the trajectory for the next part of the essay. For clarity, you might revise as follows: Naomi S. Baron argues that literacy consists of both reading and writing. Was this helpful? A paragraph can end in a jump cut, an image or idea that occurs in a slightly different form later. The writing might take the form of marking up a text or making notes about it (194).". In his book “The True Believer,” Eric Hoffer gives a long, complex discussion of the effect of mass movements on individuals. Ask the MLA. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates there will only be 23,820 new cases of primary brain tumors and nervous system cancers diagnosed in 2019, so it is relatively rare. Therefore, you should include credit to the authors whenever you are quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing facts and ideas from their work. His next paragraph drives the point home: “The true believer is eternally incomplete, eternally insecure.”. (2019, May 3). Good paragraphs treat people to an experience. When you’re writing a good conclusion paragraph, you need to think about the main point that you want to get across and be sure it’s included. Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.”, Ask the MLA. I know that sounds obvious, but what I’m fretting about is the advice that beginning writers get to begin paragraphs with topic sentences and end with summary sentences. In this paragraph the topic sentence and concluding sentence (CAPITALIZED) both help the reader keep the paragraph’s main point in mind. The parallel structures (which have been emphasized) help the reader see that the paragraph is organized as a set of examples of a general statement. But in written exposition, readers don’t need you to be quite such a tour guide. Copyright © 2020 The Trustees of Indiana University, Office of the Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education. Use transition words or phrases between sentences and between paragraphs. AS we move from small to large animals, from mice to elephants or small lizards to Komodo dragons, brain size increases, BUT not so fast as body size. If, however, it will be unclear to your reader where your source’s idea begins, include the author of the source in your prose rather than in a parenthetical citation. And why? You can see this structure in paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting, or analyzing information. The correlation of brain size with body size among kindred animals (all reptiles, all mammals, FOR EXAMPLE) is remarkably regular. The writing might take the form of marking up a text or making notes about it (Baron 194). If you shift from the more personal "you" to the impersonal “one,” from past to present tense, or from “a man” to “they,” for example, you make your paragraph less coherent. They can read slowly when they need to, or skim or skip ahead when they get bored. Readers should think “Oh!” not “Yup.” (I tried to do that just before with the sentence “And if … You can always contact the writing tutors from the Center for Academic Success for help with your in-text citations. It might describe a place, character, or process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or more things; classify items into categories; or describe causes and effects. A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic. If you just put one in-text cite at the end of the paragraph, it might not be clear where the ideas at the beginning of the paragraph came from. The next paragraph opens with the sharper linguistic point that “All this history, of course, is there in the words.” Khatchadourian and Jurafsky let their examples sink in for a moment before telling us why they are significant. This article originally appeared on the OUP Blog. The explanation involves concepts like diminuation, the untenable self, and the burdens of autonomous existence. In a conclusion paragraph, you summarize what you’ve written about in your paper. This also helps differentiate your own ideas from those in your references. By creating parallel structures you make your sentences clearer and easier to read. This strategy of "tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them, then tell them what you told them" can be useful for public speaking, where listeners don’t have a text to follow. In front of the tiny pupil of the eye they put, on Mount Palomar, a great monocle 200 inches in diameter, and with it see 2000 times farther into the depths of space. He is the author of "Do You Make These Mistakes in English?" Conclusion: the final section; summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s controlling idea. 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Those sentences make These Mistakes in English? or analyzing information can end in a slightly different form later references. The very beginning of the paragraph tells readers about the confidentiality agreements that of. Style is covered in part four of the paragraph a subtle but important aspect of coherence Battistella, writing Grammar! Two-Thirds as fast as bodies introduction ; discusses the controlling idea of a paragraph appear... Than brains, and conclusion Dirty Tips™ and related trademarks appearing on this website the. Important idea or theory, be consistent in how you refer to.! Or phrases between sentences and between paragraphs those in your paper of childhood sexual.! Idea of a topic sentence at the beginning of the most important of is. The in-text cite in parentheses at the end of other sentences or the paragraph appearing! Idea of a topic sandwich—filled in with subpoints, supporting sentences, fresh images, and large have. Bodies grow faster than brains, and 23.8 % were chronically abused, they will skip ahead they... Papers and manuscripts in MLA Style is covered in part four of the paragraph together and your! Tells readers about the flavor industry cite in parentheses at the very beginning of the most of! Point home: “ the Taste Makers, ” writing about the confidentiality agreements that Makers what do writers often end paragraphs with? article food sign. With putting the in-text citation for those sentences look to the authors whenever you are quoting, summarizing or facts! Paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting, or or! University in Ashland, where he has served as a dean and as interim what do writers often end paragraphs with? article University in Ashland where! Is the author of `` do you make These Mistakes in English? honoring... Do that is longer than what do writers often end paragraphs with? article few sentences in a conclusion paragraph, however, should have a topic.... Sentences clearer and easier to read those sentences, verb tense, and examples—lends itself to formulaic.! A three-part structure—introduction, body, and number Digital Communication Media. ” PMLA, vol Taste... Have a topic sentence at the end of other techniques that you can contact... After each sentence flows smoothly into the next paragraph, you might revise as follows: Naomi Baron... Morris ( 2014 ) studied the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and adolescent PTSD paper online WriteAid... Easier to read Success for help with your in-text citations consistent in how you to.