He was the first to put together a Latin translation of the Iliad and, in 1375, the Odyssey. Their pioneering journey inspired Columbus and others. In 1906 he became the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. The development of the drama in the 15th century was very great. The real chastizer of the sins and rewarder of virtues is Dante himself. He explains his intentions in the three Discorsi, written while he composed the Gerusalemme: he would choose a great and wonderful subject, not so ancient as to have lost all interest, nor so recent as to prevent the poet from embellishing it with invented circumstances. Another kind of poetry also began in Tuscany. See Italian luthiers. This is the portrait of a Lombardy woman called Lisa who was the wife of noblemen Francesco del, Sandro Botticelli's painting Birth of Venus, Return from Famous Italians to Italy Facts, Thailand Facts for Kids | Thailand for Kids | Geography | Food, Jamaica Facts for Kids | Jamaica for Kids | Geography | Animals | Food, Japan Facts for Kids | Japan Geography | Famous Japanese | Food | Asia. The Ritmo laurenziano is the first extant document of Italian literature. Villani's narrative is often encumbered with fables and errors, particularly when he speaks of things that happened before his time. "Bicycles, Motocycles and Scooters. His writings gave rise to several schools and periods of thomism, an encompassing synthesis of philosophy, theology and the sciences of man. These new ideas are shown in the Sirventese genre, and later, Dante's Commedia, full of invectives against contemporary political leaders and popes. An early example of Italian literature is the tradition of vernacular lyric poetry performed in Occitan, which reached Italy by the end of the 12th century. In the 13th century, there were several major allegorical poems. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Italians have made important contributions to mankind, most notably in the fields of science, mathematics, philosophy, engineering, economics, international politics, medicine, literature, visual arts and music. See: Famous Italian scientists. Cambridge University Press. The guilds took the government into their hands, and it was a time of social and political prosperity. His Sommario della storia d'Italia is an excellent epitome. He improved the telescope and studied the Milky Way which he found not to be nebulous but consisting of a multitude of stars and he was the also the first to observe sunspots. They were often seen as inferior to the Torrismondo of Torquato Tasso, specially remarkable for the choruses, which sometimes remind one of the chorus of the Greek tragedies. Italian literature begins in the 12th century when in different regions of the peninsula the Italian vernacular started to be used in a literary manner. Lombardo, Maria Nina. He relates the events up to 1347. They were described by critics as "hermeticists". The influence of mile Zola is evident in the Verismo. Luigi Galvani (1737 1798) His great desire is to depict everything with the greatest possible perfection; the cultivation of style is what occupies him most. In him classical poetry seemed to revive in all its florid grandeur. The travels of the most famous explorers of Italian origin are discussed widely. From this period also dates that literary phenomenon known under the name of Petrarchism. In this lies his novelty. Fazio degli Uberti and Federico Frezzi were imitators of the Divina Commedia, but only in its external form. His Canzoniere is divided into three parts: the first containing the poems written during Laura's lifetime, the second the poems written after her death, the third the Trionfi. He spent twenty-seven years imprisoned in Neapolitan castles (1599-1626), during which he dedicated himself to the huge task of providing a new foundation for the entire encyclopedia of knowledge. Marco Polo (c. 1254 1324) A patriot, a classicist and a purist all at once was Pietro Giordani, born in 1774; he was almost a compendium of the literary movement of the time. He took the subjects of his tragedies from the history of these nations and made his ancient characters talk like revolutionists of his time. [31] After the public condemnation of women's abuse in Italian literature in the 1970s, women writers began expressing their thoughts about sexual difference in novels. On the whole, there is no doubt that one of the most important productions of the Italian spirit of the 14th century was religious literature. Certainly he was profoundly out of harmony with his own century. Sperone Speroni in his Canace and Giraldi Cintio in his Orbecche tried to become innovators in tragic literature, but provoked criticisms of grotesquerie and debate over the role of decorum. It approaches to classical perfection. Of the women novelists, Matilde Serao and Grazia Deledda became popular. With a more serious intention Matteo Boiardo, count of Scandiano, wrote his Orlando innamorato, in which he seems to have aspired to embrace the whole range of Carolingian legends; but he did not complete his task. Cavalcanti's poems fall into two classes: those that portray the philosopher, (il sottilissimo dialettico, as Lorenzo the Magnificent called him) and those more directly the product of his poetic nature imbued with mysticism and metaphysics. [29] The page played an important role in the rise of Italian feminism, as it provided women with a space to express their opinions freely, and to portray their lives accurately. The material of the Morgante is almost completely taken from an obscure chivalrous poem of the 15th century, rediscovered by Pio Rajna. He exalted Cola di Rienzi, invoked the emperor Charles IV, and praised the Visconti; in fact, his politics were affected more by impressions than by principles. Giusti wrote epigrammatic satires in popular language. According to legend, Francis dictated the hymn Cantico del Sole in the eighteenth year of his penance, almost rapt in ecstasy; doubts remain about its authenticity. The religious movement in Umbria was followed by another literary phenomenon, the religious drama. On the other hand, in his Ballate, he pours himself out ingenuously, but with a consciousness of his art. invented the pantelegraph, an ancestor of the fax, which became the first commercial application of the fax, established in 1865. Print. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 1494) Andrea of Grosseto, in 1268, translated three Treaties of Albertanus of Brescia, from Latin to Tuscan dialect. Italy is also home to other fine famous Italians: great poets and litary geniuses. Sadly Meucci died before the case was solved and Bell was granted the right to keep the patent. He also in his Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1734 al 1825 had the idea of defending the independence and liberty of Italy in a style borrowed from Tacitus; and he succeeded rather better than Botta. Carlo Goldoni, a Venetian, overcame resistance from the old popular form of comedy, with the masks of pantalone, of the doctor, harlequin, Brighella, etc., and created the comedy of character, following Molire's example. The Arcadian school, with its verbosity and triviality, was rejected. This led to Marcos quest, through Acre, into China and to the Mongol court. Love is a divine gift that redeems man in the eyes of God, and the poet's mistress is the angel sent from heaven to show the way to salvation. Pure satirists, on the other hand, were Antonio Vinciguerra, a Venetian, Lodovico Alamanni and Ariosto, the last superior to the others for the Attic elegance of his style, and for a certain frankness, passing into malice, which is particularly interesting when the poet talks of himself. He wrote after the manner of the Latin authors, trying to imitate Livy, putting together long and sonorous periods in a style that aimed at being like Boccaccio's, caring little about what constitutes the critical material of history, only intent on declaiming his academic prose for his country's benefit. It documents his fathers journey to meet the Kublai Khan, who asked them to become ambassadors, and communicate with the pope. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the New World. Pulci raised the romantic epic into a work of art, and united the serious and the comic. He was the author of La Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy), an allegory of life and God as revealed to a pilgrim, translated into 59 different languages since 1400. Galileo was not only a great man of science, but also occupied a conspicuous place in the history of letters. Renaissance humanism developed during the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries, and was a response to the challenge of Medival scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre-professional and -scientific studies. But there are so many other great Italians you should know. In this environment, Fasani's pronouncements stimulated the formation of the Compagnie di Disciplinanti, who, for a penance, scourged themselves until they drew blood, and sang Laudi in dialogue in their confraternities. He was regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy. The main instigator of the reform was Manzoni. Early humanists, such as Petrarch, Coluccio Salutati and Leonardo Bruni, were great collectors of antique manuscripts. They were written in the Umbrian dialect, in verses of eight syllables, and, according to the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, "have not any artistic value." David Reuteler. Italian Women Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook. See: Italian Nobel Prize Winners. As realism in art gained ground, the positive method in criticism kept pace with it. Going back to the causes of events, he looked for the explanation of the divergent interests of princes and of their reciprocal jealousies. See: Italian Nobel Prize Winners, Maria Montessori (1870 1952) His poetry has some of the faults of the school of d'Arezzo. He also wrote an allegorical novel called Libro de' Vizi e delle Virtudi whose earlier version (Trattato delle virt e dei vizi) is also preserved. Recognized as the father of modern political science. The peculiarity of the Italian book is that the stories are very short, and seem to be mere outlines to be filled in by the narrator as he goes along. As a writer, Bembo attempted to restore some of the legendary "affect" that ancient Greek had on its. Guittone took as his special model Seneca the Younger, and hence his prose became bombastic. Under the pen of the poet, the dead come to life again; they become men again, and speak the language of their time, of their passions. Unfortunately Meucci was to poor to pay for the patent. The literary movement that preceded and was contemporary with the political revolution of 1848 may be said to be represented by four writers - Giuseppe Giusti, Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, Vincenzo Gioberti and Cesare Balbo. Gerolamo Cardano (1501 1576) The Arcadia was so called because its chief aim was to imitate the simplicity of the ancient shepherds who were supposed to have lived in Arcadia in the golden age. Meanwhile, there was an attempt at the historical epic. The year 1230 marked the beginning of the Sicilian School and of a literature showing more uniform traits. In the Odi the satirical note is already heard, but it comes out more strongly in Del giorno, in which he imagines himself to be teaching a young Milanese patrician all the habits and ways of gallant life; he shows up all its ridiculous frivolities, and with delicate irony unmasks the futilities of aristocratic habits. Paolo Lanfranchi da Pistoia, from Pistoia, was another. Created the Commedia dellArte, Cesare Lombroso (1835 1909) See: Famous Italian inventors, Altiero Spinelli (1907 1986) In his Operette Moralidialogues and discourses marked by a cold and bitter smile at human destinies that freezes the readerthe clearness of style, the simplicity of language and the depth of conception are such that perhaps he is not only the greatest lyrical poet since Dante, but also one of the most perfect writers of prose that Italian literature has had. Spiritual & Religious Leaders Political Leaders Italian Female Leaders Prime Ministers Military Leaders. Grazia Deledda was a Sardinian writer who focused on the life, customs, and traditions of the Sardinian people in her works. But it is said that Pietro Giordani and Gino Capponi corrected it for him. Leonardo da Vinci wrote a treatise on painting. They may be considered as belonging to the "popular" kind of poetry, taking the word, however, in a broad sense. By Rinaldina Russell. The sonnets of Rustico di Filippo are half-fun and half-satire, as is the work of Cecco Angiolieri of Siena, the oldest humorist we know, a far-off precursor of Rabelais and Montaigne. Petrarch had no decided political idea. See: Famous Italian scientists, Carlo Goldoni (1707 1793) The political reflections are always deep; in the Pensieri, as Gino Capponi says, he seems to aim at extracting through self-examination a quintessence, as it were, of the things observed and done by him; thus endeavouring to form a political doctrine as adequate as possible in all its parts. Many Italian novels focus on facets of Italian identity, and women writers have always been leaders in this genre.[32]. La dissertation doit tre claire, bien argumente et logique. Andrea da Barberino wrote the beautiful prose of the Reali di Francia, giving a coloring of romanit to the chivalrous romances. The wars began with the invasion of Italy by the French king Charles VIII in 1494. The merit of the poem does not lie in the allegory, which still connects it with medieval literature. See: Famous Italian explorers, Salvino degli Armati (1258-1312) But patriotism in Italy has always had something municipal in it; so to this Tuscan supremacy, proclaimed and upheld by Cesari, there was opposed a Lombard school, which would know nothing of Tuscan, and with Dante's De vulgari eloquentia returned to the idea of the lingua illustre. Literary activity that appeared from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 16th century was the product of the political and social conditions of an earlier age. A third romantic poem of the 15th century was the Mambriano by Francesco Bello (Cieco of Ferrara). As a work of art, the Giorno is wonderful for its delicate irony. A luthier from Cremona, Anrea Amati, laid the basis of modern violin-making. He wrote for English readers some Essays on Petrarch and on the texts of the Decamerone and of Dante, which are remarkable for when they were written, and which may have initiated a new kind of literary criticism in Italy. His love poems are sweet, mellow and musical. A third novelist was Giovanni Sercambi of Lucca, who after 1374 wrote a book, in imitation of Boccaccio, about a party of people who were supposed to fly from a plague and to go travelling about in different Italian cities, stopping here and there telling stories. Instead Decadentism was based mainly on the Decadent style of some artists and authors of France and England about the end of the 19th century. Other prose novels were inserted by Francesco Barberino in his work Del reggimento e dei costumi delle donne, but they are of much less importance. He is famed for the events of 1486, when at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man which has been called the Manifesto of the Renaissance, and a key text of Renaissance humanism. Slow Italyis the first slow travelers guide to Italy and the Italian way of life. The whole novelty and poetic power of this school, consisted in, according to Dante, Quando Amore spira, noto, ed a quel niodo Ch'ei detta dentro, vo significando: that is, in a power of expressing the feelings of the soul in the way in which love inspires them, in an appropriate and graceful manner, fitting form to matter, and by art fusing one with the other. The conceits, sometimes bold and very coarse, show that its subject matter is popular. In 1258 a hermit, Raniero Fasani, left the cavern where he had lived for many years and suddenly appeared at Perugia. Edmondo de Amicis is better known for his moral works and travels than for his fiction. Galilei also discovered the four largest satellites of Jupiter which are called after him: the Galilean moons. In this again, we see one of the products of the Renaissance; and, although Trissino's work is poor in invention and without any original poetical coloring, yet it helps one to understand better what were the conditions of mind in the 16th century. His Tesoretto is a short poem, in seven-syllable verses, rhyming in couplets, in which the author is lost in a wilderness and meets a lady, who represents Nature and gives him much instruction. The intellectual life of Italy showed itself in an altogether special, positive, almost scientific form in the study of Roman law. He drew from the Carolingian cycle, from the romances of the Round Table, and from classical antiquity. The peculiarity of Machiavelli's genius lay, as has been said, in his artistic feeling for the treatment and discussion of politics in and for themselves, without regard to an immediate end in his power of abstracting himself from the partial appearances of the transitory present, in order more thoroughly to possess himself of the eternal and inborn kingdom, and to bring it into subjection to himself. Florence was in those days the asylum of all the Italian exiles, and these exiles met and shook hands in Vieusseux's rooms, where there was more literary than political talk, but where one thought and one only animated all minds, the thought of Italy. He went as an exile to England, and died there. The forest where the poet loses himself symbolizes the civil and religious confusion of society, deprived of its two guides, the emperor and the pope. Alongside the great artists Leopardi and Manzoni, alongside the learned scholars, there was also in the first half of the 19th century a patriotic literature. See: Famous Italian scientists. Eugenio Barsanti, together with Felice Matteuci, developed the first internal combustion engine driven by gas. There is evidence that a kind of literature already existed before the 13th century: The Ritmo cassinese, Ritmo di Sant'Alessio, Laudes creaturarum, Ritmo lucchese, Ritmo laurenziano, Ritmo bellunese are classified by Cesare Segre, et al. Giovanni Caselli (1815 1891) Virgil represents reason and the empire. He is also famous for his operas, Aida, Rigoletto and La Traviata. The literary movement that preceded and was contemporary with the political revolution of 1848 may be said to be represented by four writers - Giuseppe Giusti, Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, Vincenzo Gioberti and Cesare Balbo. This kind of semi-popular literature was born in Florence, and attached itself to certain popular festivities that were usually held in honor of St John the Baptist, patron saint of the city. He strings antitheses together one after the other, so that they fill up whole stanzas without a break. The influence of these poets on the native Italians got the attention of Aimeric de Peguilhan in 1220. and v.; new ed., London, 1902), and to Richard Garnett's History of Italian Literature (London, 1898). He closely imitated Boccaccio, and drew on Villani's chronicle for his historical stories. He wrote a dissertation Sopra lo stato presente della lingua italiana, and endeavoured to establish the supremacy of Tuscan and of the three great writers, Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. Early Italian humanism, which in many respects continued the grammatical and rhetorical traditions of the Middle Ages, not merely provided the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name (Studia humanitatis), but also increased its actual scope, content and significance in the curriculum of the schools and universities and in its own extensive literary production. Ascanio Sobrero (1812 1888) This work is a copious treatise on astronomy and geography. Dacia Maraini is one of the most successful contemporary Italian women writers. There is profound feeling in it, and everything reflects the melancholy soul of the poet. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519) was a real genius. Francesco Galiani wrote on currency; Gaetano Filangieri wrote a Scienza della legislazione. Everything is supersensual, aerial, heavenly, and the real Beatrice is supplanted by an idealized vision of her, losing her human nature and becoming a representation of the divine. Italian motor racing driver andthe founder of the Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix racing team. From him the style has been called bernesque poetry. An allegorical meaning hides under the literal one of this great epic. With him, the octave stanza reached a high level of grace, variety, and harmony. From about 1559 began a period of decadence in Italian literature. See: Famous Italian explorers. Italian literature is written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy.It may also refer to literature written by Italians or in Italy in other languages spoken in Italy, often languages that are closely related to modern Italian. Learned in Greek and Latin authors, and in the Italian trecentisti, he left only a few writings, but they were carefully elaborated in point of style, and his prose was greatly admired in its time. Jacopone's wife died after the stands at a public tournament collapsed, and the sorrow at her sudden death caused Jacopone to sell all he possessed and give it to the poor. [19] She won the Premio Viareggio award in 1948. Da Vinci also planned and invented many things and explored new concepts, like the calculator, a flight machine similar to a helicopter, a tank and even worked on findings about concentrated solar power. In Ferrara the Duecento was represented by Ferrari Trogni. It belongs without doubt to the time of the emperor Frederick II (no later than 1250), and is important as proof that there existed a popular, independent of literary, poetry. However, as he points out, such early literature does not yet present any uniform stylistic or linguistic traits. They were almost always alike in the plot, in the characters of the old man, of the servant, of the waiting-maid; and the argument was often the same. He saved literature from Arcadian vacuities, leading it towards a national end, and armed himself with patriotism and classicism. The Contrasto is probably a scholarly re-elaboration of a lost popular rhyme and is the closest to a kind of poetry that perished or was smothered by the ancient Sicilian literature. Giovanni Caboto (1450 c. 1500) commonly known as Michelangelo, was a Renaissance painter and sculptor. Petrarch's work has similar qualities; yet neither Petrarch nor Dante could be classified among the pure ascetics of their time. Not so bad as the two histories of Italy is that of the Guerra dell'indipendenza americana. One of the founding fathers of the European Union. Pride is the house of France. The Canzoniere includes also a few political poems, one supposed to be addressed to Cola di Rienzi and several sonnets against the court of Avignon. Monti was, above everything, an artist. 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