Unless the author or owner of the copyright of work posted on the Internet has placed on that work a specific note stating that the item is in the public domain, it is under copyright and you may not reproduce it without permission. file:///C|/...0208%20Books%20(part%201%20of%203)/How%20to%20write%20&%20publish%20scientific%20paper/15.htm[4/27/2009 1:00:07 PM] Page 92 Page 92 Chapter 16 How to Keyboard the Manuscript Then the black-bright, smooth-running clicking clean Brushed, oiled and dainty typewriting machine, With tins of ribbons waiting for the blows Which soon will hammer them to verse and prose. That sentence was in trouble right from the start, because the first word is a dangling participle. Writing in the Electronic Environment: Electronic Text and the Future of Creativity and Knowledge. Other associations may require that the author insert typesetting codes to speed up the process. An effective discussion of the various uses and types of abstracts was provided by McGirr (1973), whose conclusions are well worth repeating: "When writing the abstract, remember that it will be published by itself, and should be selfcontained. Notify epress by e-mail that manuscript has been sent. Significance of the Paper Too often, the significance of the results is not discussed or not discussed adequately. Journals also generally prefer that the text type for a submitted manuscript be 12 points in size and double spaced to make it easier to read and comment upon in writing. The "Uniform Requirements" (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, 1993) have been adopted by several hundred biomedical journals. (Example: "The Structure of the Potassium Channel: Molecular Basis of K+ Conduction and Selectivity"—Science 280:69, 1998.) Pharmacology Pharmacol. All kinds of photographs, graphs, drawings, paintings, X-rays, and even cartoons can be presented. Physik Phys. Visual impact is particularly critical in a poster session. The literature review most likely involves description of related or planned experiments in the author's own laboratory or in the laboratories of colleagues who are currently working on related problems. Soon thereafter, however, the first version of the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" (the "Vancouver" system) appeared, sponsoring the citation order system for the cooperating journals. Page 40 Correct Form and Grammar Do not make the common error of mixing some of the Results in this section. Extensive citation of the literature is also undesirable in an oral presentation. The largest and best-known repository (in the form of abstracts) of knowledge in biology. How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cropping. There is only one rule for a properly written Materials and Methods section: Enough information must be given so that the experiments could be reproduced by a competent colleague. The editor's decision will be one of three general types, commonly expressed in one word as "accept," "reject," or "modify." Although they can make the creation of detailed illustrations easier and quicker, graphics software applications do not relieve authors of their responsibility for designing useful illustrations that communicate data accurately and effectively. The editor would probably reconsider such a manuscript if it were considerably revised and resubmitted, but the editor does not recommend resubmission. If you wish, you can start your own newsgroup. If major revision is requested, however, you should step back and take a total look at your position. Am. Save it on a floppy disk or on a Syquest or Zip cartridge. Then, the book can be used as a reference whenever questions arise. My own experience is in accord with that of the distinguished Canadian scientist J. An author of a paper should be defined as one   Page 24 who takes intellectual responsibility for the research results being reported. In this rapidly developing version, the process is based on selecting articles, reports, or chapters from the vast amount of data stored in electronic databases. ) on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the scientist, knowing the limitations of editors, realized that the Abstract of his paper would have to be short and simple if the paper were to be judged acceptable. They are likely to decide whether or not to read further on the basis of what they find in the first few paragraphs (if they haven't already been repelled by the title). You should stick to your most important point or result and stress that. Universities and autonomous programmers were instrumental in adding new linkups and functions to increase the Internet's power and services and to take it well beyond its original function as an electronic communication system for government scientists and academics. The vast majority of submitting authors will receive either a modify letter or a reject letter, so you should be pleased to receive the former rather than the latter. Although there is an almost infinite variety of reference styles, most journals cite references in one of three general ways that may be referred to as "name and year," "alphabet-number," and "citation order.'' Manuscripts without cover letters pose immediate problems: To which journal is the manuscript being submitted? Some journals and publishers— the American Society for Microbiology (1998), the American Medical Association (1998), the American Psychological Association (1994), and the American Chemical Society (Dodd, 1997) being good examples—issue remarkably complete and helpful instructions (style manuals). Suppose that the experiments at 37°C and with serum albumin work, but that Scientist A perceives that there is now an obvious loose end; that is, growth under these conditions suggests that the test organism is a pathogen, whereas the previously published literature had indicated that this organism was   Page 26 nonpathogenic. Further, even if a scientific paper meets all the other tests (discussed below), it is not validly published if it is published in the wrong place. The PDF file can be printed as hardcopy, with substitute fonts that are part of the application. Editorial forms; a guide to journal management. The professor was about to submit this remarkable feat to posterity via a scientific journal, but he—in the manner of the true scientist—decided to take his experiments one step further. Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. Unfortunately, there are no agreed-upon rules or generally accepted conventions. Many software programs are now available on CD-ROM. 1990. Refer to the journal for the editors' preferences in this matter. Verbal promiscuity flows from poverty of language and obesity of thought, and from an unseemly haste to reach print—a premature ejaculation, as it were. I think scientists should indeed be interested in reading literature, and perhaps even in writing literature, but the communication of research results is a more prosaic procedure. Bull. Scientist C runs a quick test by injecting the test substance into laboratory mice in a standard procedure that any medical microbiologist would use and confirms pathogenicity. Page 13 Today, the average scientist, to keep up with a field, must examine the data reported in a very large number of papers. Most conference reports do not meet the definition of valid publication. The review paper will also be read by many people in related fields, because the reading of good reviews is the best way to keep up in one's broad areas of interest. Grammatically, this is also correct. If you know that the journal does not, attach   Page 116 a self-addressed postcard to the manuscript, so that the editor can acknowledge receipt. You may trust the hardcopy format of your journal implicitly, but once the journal goes into the electronic arena, the representation given to the paper you created may include features that conflict with your work and ideas. They have enough troubles with ½-oz letters. When you self-publish, always include your e-mail address and a link to a description of your background as corroborative information. (4) It should state the principal results of the investigation. Some authors get into the habit of putting all citations at the end of sentences. Only by your marginal notes will the copyeditor and compositor know where you would like the table to appear. If your rejection is of the first (total) type, it would be pointless to resubmit the manuscript to the same journal or even to argue about it. If your native language is English, you still may have a problem because the native language of many of your readers is not English. I agree with John W. Gardner, who said, "The society which scorns excellence in plumbing because plumbing is a humble activity and tolerates shoddiness in philosophy because it is an exalted activity will have neither good plumbing nor good philosophy. Many authors, especially beginning authors, make the mistake (and it is a mistake) of holding back their most important findings until late in the paper. In Materials and Methods, however, exact and specific items are being dealt with and precise use of English is a must. In an ideal world, perhaps good science could be published without regard to the format of the carrier (the typed file:///C|/...0208%20Books%20(part%201%20of%203)/How%20to%20write%20&%20publish%20scientific%20paper/16.htm[4/27/2009 1:03:56 PM] Page 92 manuscript). The SI units and symbols, and certain derived SI units, have become part of the language of science. Software for Slides PowerPoint and Persuasion are slide programs with similar functions; both are available for either Mac or PC. Normally, each slide should make one simple, easily understood visual statement. Seldom do you need the whole photograph, right out to all four edges. Page 229 The Amen Corner Until recently, I have never especially worried about growing old. Michaelson (1990) gave this good example: We have examined a digital method of spread-spectrum modulation for multiple-access satellite communication and for digital mobile radiotelephony. Page 195 What Is Copyright? 6, the data variables are shown as dashed lines. "Reading a scientific article isn't the same as reading a detective story. This will also substantially reduce (but not eliminate) proofreading headaches. The worm in the water swam merrily around. Zeitschrift Z. The maximum size should be 8½ by 11 inches. The title should be readable out to a distance of 10 feet (3 m). . or "Smith (1997) ignored. Visualization of natural phenomena. Slides prepared from a word-processed manuscript or from a printed journal or book are almost never effective. If you want to feature the name of the author, do it within the context of the sentence: "The role of the carotid sinus in the regulation of respiration was discovered by Heymans (13)." International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. If a somewhat imprecise, nontechnical term must replace a precise, technical term, so be it. Thus, two new tables of data are added to the manuscript, and the Results and Discussion are rewritten. In other words, you should examine the proofs carefully for typographical errors, especially if the compositor must input from the hardcopy of your edited paper. (What happens when no. © Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. catalog, articles, website, & more in one search, books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections, How to write and publish a scientific paper.

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