The Bangkok Medical Journal, 13(1), 114-119. B., & Cakmak, I. Further work is clearly needed to determine how alteration of AMF communities influences plant competitive relationships during C. maculosa invasion and the role played by AMF community composition in determining seedling establishment and subsequent vigor (Mummey & Rillig, 2006). The level of certainty increases from the theoretical proposition to the description of practical application (Hofmann, 2014). (2008). Thus, place equal emphasis to both strengths and limitations (Docherty & Smith, 1999). A certain British Medical Journal, 318(7193), 1224-1225. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.003 Even the writing style is not as important as the ability to analyses. Many questions remain to be addressed concerning how these changes influence plant competitive relationships and ecosystem function. The experiments described in this work demonstrate that this technology was instrumental in improving lettuce N use efficiency under control and limiting NO3- regimens in laboratory, greenhouse, and field scenarios. Overall, differences between results may be explained by the ways in which the results were acquired. Check out the literature review to see the main paper arguments. Assign numbers to each source in the order in which it first appears. Plant and Soil, 364(1-2), 29-37. 2 Instituto Federal do Mato Grosso, Sorriso, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Avoid waste words like "Studies on", or "Investigations on". Docherty and Smiths (1999) structure for discussions described, commented on and exemplified in this paper embraces major points that should be addressed and may help researchers write this challenging section of the scientific article. It has previously been found that intention to change food consumption in order to mitigate climate change increases with worry about climate change consequences [41]. Smith Z. It is the most concise and complete summary of the scientific article. Sometimes, you may be tasked by your professor to write the summary of a scientific study. Additional research is needed to understand how the changes in plant architecture documented here translate to overall plant performance and health (Frye & Hough-Goldstein, 2013). This research has identified the critical period for yield determination and the associated critical periods for yield components. As a pragmatic reason, limitations indicate to readers which mistakes we made (Wallwork, 2016) so they can avoid making similar mistakes. Writing scientific research articles: strategy and steps. Please help us continue to provide you with our trusted how-to guides and videos for free by whitelisting wikiHow on your ad blocker. Highlight or circle main points. Clear scientific writing generally follows a specific format with key sections: an introduction to a particular topic, hypotheses to be tested, a description of methods, key results, and finally, a discussion that ties these results to our broader knowledge of the topic (Day and Gastel 2012). You should list down the results that may include the experiment results. If you would like to learn how to summarize an article for college, check out below. [Links], Takatani, S., Hirayama, T., Hashimoto, T., Takahashi, T., & Motose, H. (2015). In this article, we guide scientific writers, particularly unexperienced ones, on how to structure a Discussion section based on an article by Docherty and Smith (1999). If the research question was only answered partially, explain which aspects of the question were answered and why. The key finding(s) should address the research question/purpose stated in the Introduction using the same key terms (Hofmann, 2014). E.g., (Smith 2008a), (Smith 2008b). 1. [Links], Michel, L. A. According to these authors, a discussion should be prepared by organizing information in the following order: (a) statement of principal findings; (b) strengths and weaknesses of the study; (c) strengths and weaknesses in relation to other studies, discussing particularly any differences in results; (d) meaning of the study: possible mechanisms and implications; and (e) unanswered questions and future research. 8) In this study, two transgenic lettuce lines (AVPD1-2 and AVPD1-6) with enhanced H+-PPase abundance and activity were used to evaluate the potential of this genetic manipulation for improving NO3- uptake efficiency in lettuce. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6648 In the natural sciences, the Abstract, Introduction, Material and methods, Results and Discussion (AIMRaD) structure has been used in scientific papers. How to write the discussion section of a scientific article, Rogrio FariaVieira1 First, neovascular AMD and dementia diagnoses, which rely on administrative claims data and International Classification of Diseases codes, may be less precise than those made according to standardized criteria. Unless you made so many errors that your results have been rendered unreliable, you certainly learned something from your study. To find standardized abbreviations for title words, consult the International Standard Serial Number database here: Smith Z. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. PLoS ONE, 10(3), 1-10. Plant and Soil, 363(1-2), 61-75. Further investigation is required to better understand the detailed functions of LG2055 to enable the prevention of influenza (Nakayama et al., 2014). Secondary results should be summarized and generalized rather than repeating what was found (Hofmann, 2014). In example 30, the authors present their key findings (This research has identified) followed by two implications (This knowledge will allow for and Increased knowledge of the critical period will also). Identifying theoretical or practical implications involves finding ways in which your results may be used or may lead to the development of new applications in the future. Here we show that wild bee pollinators provide important pollination services to crops around the globe with the economic value of this ecosystem service being on par with that provided by managed honey bees (Kleijn et al., 2015). How does playing adapted sports affect quality of life of people with mobility limitations? Even when data included in a paper are valid and interesting, a poor interpretation of data can lead a journal editor or reviewers to reject the manuscript (Day & Gastel, 2006). Naturally, the first thing I did was google how to write a scientific review. The second thing I did was stare in horror at the limited number of hits. Root endophyte Colletotrichum tofieldiae confers plant fitness benefits that are phosphate status dependent. A relatively small number of species was used in this study due to its focus on dominance and evenness, and further research should be done with more species-rich communities (Huang, Martin, Isbell, & Wilsey, 2013). (1990) and Reynolds et al. This study has some strengths, including the use of a mixed-method design that enabled us to explore in depth the quality of life of participants with various adapted sports backgrounds and triangulate the quantitative and qualitative data. If you cant find the DOI, request it here: For 2 authors: (Jeeves and Wooster 2012). Writing a Discussion section for the first time is a difficult task. When unexpected findings alter the focus of your study, you should signal this to the reader (To our surprise, Surprisingly) and describe your unexpected findings briefly (Hofmann, 2014) in a neutral and subjective manner (Wallwork, 2016). (2014). Thus, intestinal epithelial MyD88 acts as a metabolic sensor that switches host metabolism during diet-induced obesity via mechanisms involving the gut microbiota. In example 15, the authors describe both the strength and the limitations of their study relative to other studies. Review complex concepts and look up vocabulary you don't understand. The high rate of visceral-gout-associated vulture mortality in India3,22,23 as well as the widespread use of veterinary diclofenac in India (R. Risebrough, personal communication) suggests strongly that diclofenac may also be responsible for vulture declines in the rest of the Indian subcontinent wherever diclofenac is used for the treatment of livestock (Oaks et al., 2004). In specific situations, you can lessen the impact of limitations by noting that other researchers have had experienced similar problem or that the current state of knowledge is unable to resolve the problems that you have encountered (Wallwork, 2016). Base your conclusions on the methods (considering both the strengths and the limitations of the study) and evidence (your findings and the findings of other studies) presented in the article. Here, you must highlight the strengths and weaknesses (or limitations) of your methods and approach (Wallwork, 2016). (2004). In an attempt to improve standardization, Docherty and Smith (1999) proposed a structure for Discussion sections. DOI: 10.1186/s12955-017-0597-9 So, here, I will share my process with you. Skim the article. Your study can also extend (Our study extends, Our study adds) the results of previous studies (Glasman-Deal, 2010) or modify the knowledge in a given area (Our study modifies). [Links], Lake, L., & Sadras, V. O. Clinical Chemistry, 56(11), 1671-1674. DOI: 10.1603/EN12270. For 2 authors: Glossop, R., & Wooster, B. W., For 3-7 authors: Glossop, R., Basset, W., & Spode, R., For more than 7 authors, use ellipsis (. [Links], Paez-Valencia, J., Sanchez-Lares, J., Marsh, E., Dorneles, L. T., Santos, M. P., Sanchez, D., Gaxiola, R. A. In describing practical applications, you can illustrate the studys relevance beyond your specific research question (Glasman-Deal, 2010). Writing a summary of science research presented in an article involves a strategy to extract the pertinent information from the article, explaining processes involved and winnowing away unneeded information. Knowing the limitations of your study may lead you to restrict generalizations of your conclusions (Cargill & OConnor, 2009) and to reveal ways to improve future works (Glasman-Deal, 2010). DOI: 10.1007/s11104-006-9091-6 Basic and Applied Ecology, 14(3), 199-207. Thinking about mechanisms across the sciences. 10) An important caveat for interpreting our study is that we used four-species mixtures, and four species per m2 is lower than in most grasslands. [Links], Kleijn, D., Winfree, R., Bartomeus, I., Carvalheiro, L. G., Henry, M., Isaacs, R., Potts, S. G. (2015). Your study may confirm (you could write: Our study confirms, Our results are consistent with) or contradict (Our study differs from; However, other studies found that) the current state of knowledge. Basic steps to writing a paper: Practice makes perfect. Another structure variation permitted in some journals involves presenting the Results and discussion in a single combined section sometimes followed by the Conclusion [AIM(RaD)C]. In the biosciences, review articles written by researchers are valuable tools for those looking for a synopsis of several research studies in one place without having to spend time finding the research and results themselves. [Links], Received: According to these authors, a structure helps a reader to find specific information from the Discussion and signals to the writer the most important topics to cover in this section. Therefore our study adds to the previous knowledge: the high concern about climate change might actually concretize the intentions to make dietary adjustments (Korkala, Hugg, & Jaakkola, 2014). Discuss the methodology used by the authors. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-012-1284-6 Hence, it should be included in the beginning of the Discussion (Annesley, 2010) and should be used to initiate a discussion of broader implications or generalizations drawn from the results (Glasman-Deal, 2010). For example, your complete citation might look like this: Glossop, R. (2012). How to Summarize a Scientific Article. [Links], Hofmann, A. H. (2014). Genotypes were compared based on daily measurement of ARA over a soil drying cycle. In example 12, confounding variables interfered with the results and the authors note how they tried to control them (we tried to control for). However, the number of participants in the study was relatively small and they were mostly French-speakers, which might limit the transferability of the results to a particular cultural context (Ct-Leclerc et al., 2017). 2013). [Links], Cargill, M., & O'Connor, P. (2009). Unexpected findings should also be discussed. Thus, intestinal epithelial MyD88 acts as a metabolic sensor that switches host metabolism during diet-induced obesity via mechanisms involving the gut microbiota. When describing your studys strengths or limitations, compare your Material and methods section with those of other studies. .) Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises. DOI: 10. Our study was better controlled to eliminate any drought or biotic stresses so that heat was the main yield-limiting factor under the summer test conditions (Blum, Klueva & Nguyen, 2001). Abscisic acid induces ectopic outgrowth in epidermal cells through cortical microtubule reorganization in Arabidopsis thaliana. Soil characteristics and nitrogen resorption in Stipa krylovii native to northern China. Read the article in its entirety before committing to any further action. Often specific words or phrases can shed additional light on the subject presented. Last updated Jul 19, 2019 0. The discussion section: your closing argument. William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. A test with prairie species in a long-term experiment. Awareness of climate change and the dietary choices of young adults in Finland: A population-based cross-sectional study. (2006). Here, we found that epidermal cells developed ectopic protrusions in seedlings germinated and grown in the presence of ABA (Takatani, Hirayama, Hashimoto, Takahashi, & Motose, 2015). Offer your own conclusions and criticism only after completing a full summary of the information the science article contains. DOI numbers always start with the number 10, followed by a period and 5 other digits (10.xxxxx). Master Life with wikiHow Pro Expert Videos. Earlier editions also good. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2013.01.007 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3066-2 [Links], Wallwork, A. First, studies of gut microbiota should habitually account for sex (and its interactions with other factors) even when there is no main effect of sex If genotype-by-environment interactions prove to be common in diverse host species, as our results suggest, then therapeutic changes to the environment will not work equally well for all host genotypes, or in both sexes. marks good science will sometimes spill over into the writing about that science, in general, good science writing does not require creative writing. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. For instance, we calculated resorption efficiencies based on N pool per plant (g plant-1), while previous studies calculated them on the basis of leaf mass or leaf area (mg g-1 or mg m-2) (Yuan et al., 2005). The sequence of the Discussion section varies from author to author. The proof of the pudding: how to report results and write a good discussion. Copyright 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, How to Write a Report on a Newspaper Article, How to Cite a Summary of a Magazine Article in APA Format, chemical experiences image by Sergey Galushko from, University of Idaho: Advanced Technical Writing: How to Summarize, How to Read a Scientific Research Paper: A Four Step Guide for Students: Ann McNeal. A few of the most common citation styles used in the sciences are CSE, AMA, NLM, and APA. You should also write the data analysis presented by the author. General sciences: CSE (Council of Science Editors), Psychology and social sciences: APA (American Psychological Association), Medical sciences: AMA (American Medical Association), NLM (National Library of Medicine), Biology: CBE (Council of Biology Editors), Chemistry: ACS (American Chemical Society), Mathematics: AMS (American Mathematical Society), Physics: AIP (American Institute of Physics), The basics of most citation styles are readily available online. 3. Even for experienced authors, the first version of the Discussion is likely to suffer many modifications as the manuscript matures. Writing a scientific article: A step-by-step guide for beginners 1. References. [Links], Dimitriou, M., Rallidis, L. S., Theodoraki, E. V., Kalafati, I. P., Kolovou, G., & Dedoussis, G. V. (2015). Alternatively, before presenting your key finding(s), you can begin the Discussion reminding readers of important information included in the Introduction section and/or in the Material and methods section to contextualize your study. DOI: 10.1007/s13194-011-0038-2 Know your audience. Examine the methods or the experiments made in the article and the conclusion offered by the author. Conjunctive adverbs generally used for the concluding paragraph include the following: In summary, Taken together, In conclusion (Hofmann, 2014). Comparison of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for nitrogen fixation tolerance to soil drying. If you cite more than one source at once, separate the citation numbers with a comma, but do not use spaces between the numbers. This effect enables mice to be resistant to a virus infection as shown by improvements in the survival rates and by decrements in the virus titer in the lungs (Nakayama et al., 2014). For articles with 1-6 authors, list the names of every author. For example, Smith Z, Robinson W, West D. Put a period after the final initial in the list, to separate it from the source title. Several copies available in Columbia libraries. Ideboen holds a Bachelor of Arts in business management and communication from Judson University. 6) (Liu, Qiao, Yang, Bai, & Liu, 2018). [Links], Barbieri, N. L., Nielsen, D. W., Wannemuehler, Y., Cavender, T., Hussein, A., Yan, S. G., Logue, C. M. (2017). Public Health Nutrition, 19(6), 1081-1087. The sources in the reference list are not numbered, and are presented in alphabetical order by author. In addition to these mistakes, you should avoid the following when writing a Discussion (Hess, 2004; Hofmann, 2014; Wallwork, 2016): Plant growth promotion (PGP) by Ct was shown to be tightly regulated by Pi availability, suggesting that beneficial activities of the fungus are conditional upon particular environmental conditions (Hiruma et al., 2016, p. 471). Use superscript reference numbers for in-line citations. How to write an effective discussion. In particular, writing for a peer-reviewed science or engineering journal requires learning and executing a specific formula for presenting scientific work. Demonstrate your understanding of scientific related topics with clear writing and a logical thought process in a summary. % of people told us that this article helped them. 2016 Feb;37(2):273-95. The Introduction poses one or more questions, while the Discussion answers what is asked in the Introduction (Day & Gastel, 2006). Have a friend ask you questions about the information and explain the details in plain language. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article is backed by trusted research and meets our high quality standards. [Links], Liu, W., Qiao, C., Yang, S., Bai, W., & Liu, L. (2018). You must explain the reasons for the limitations found (Falavigna et al., 2017) and explain the implications of these limitations for the conclusions of your study. Both negative and positive findings are equally important to the conclusion. In example 28, the authors present a conclusion that addresses the question posed in the Introduction (The results obtained in this study clearly demonstrated that) followed by the studys implication (This trait appears to be a good candidate for). In examples 10, 11 and 12, the authors describe the limitations of their studies: An important caveat for interpreting our study is that, One inherent weakness of this study, or Another important limitation In example 10, the authors propose modifications to the methodology used for improving future work: (further research should be done with more species-rich communities). By outlining concrete future strategies to apply, you will make a more convincing case to your readers (Wallwork, 2016). DOI: 10.1038/nature11917 Arabidopsis cell expansion is controlled by a photothermal switch. You don't need to provide a URL or date of access if you have a DOI. 1Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuria de Minas Gerais , Vila Gianetti, 47, 36570-900, Viosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Discussion is the hardest section of a scientific article to write, as cognitive skills must be used to properly contextualize the findings of a study. Put a space before the citation number. mcr-1 identified in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). In scientific articles, usually there is an introduction which establishes the background for the experiment or study, and won't provide you with much to summarize. See where the methodology section before writing the scientific article summary. Nickel-enriched seed and externally supplied nickel improve growth and alleviate foliar urea damage in soybean. This knowledge will allow for more targeted stress mitigation practices, e.g. (2012). [Links], Tan, K., Chen, W., Dong, S., Liu, X., Wang, Y., & Nieh, J. C. (2015). We show that targeting intestinal epithelial MyD88 confers protection or therapeutic effects against diet induced metabolic disorders. 12) Another important limitation is that there were differences in age, sex ratio and BMI between the two study groups resulting in an unmatched case-control study. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 10,252 times. (2016). DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015002244 [Links], Oaks, J. L., Gilbert, M., Virani, M. Z., Watson, R. T., Meteyer, C. U., Rideout, B. C., Khan, A. As a first step in preparing this section, you should prepare an outline to organize your thoughts in a logical form. . Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London. B., van Harten-Gerritsen, S. A., Kok, D. E. G., van Duijvendijk, P., Kampman, E. (2017). For 3-5 authors: List all authors for the first citation, e.g., (Glossop, Basset & Spode 2013). Information not explicitly included in the structure proposed by Docherty and Smith (1999) is included by us given that we judge this information as important. Individual diet has sex-dependent effects on vertebrate gut microbiota. Each component of this sequence is discussed in detail with examples drawn from the literature. Is community persistence related to diversity? A. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-004-7941-7 Use a dictionary to review the meanings of difficult words. Reductions in above-ground and root biomass, in addition to shorter internodes and secondary vine lengths, for plants in the simulated herbivory treatment might limit kudzus ability to produce adventitious roots at stem nodes, and slow the plants spread by vegetative reproduction. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises. Smith Z. Faux J Vet Sci [Internet]. The conclusion is the most important message of your paper. A bit more advanced, intended for those writing papers for publication. Ask yourself questions about the article. AMA Style. A scientific article is a research paper that focuses on a certain aspect of science. [Links], Nakayama, Y., Moriya, T., Sakai, F., Ikeda, N., Shiozaki, T., Hosoya, T., Miyazaki, T. (2014). When your studys conclusions are different from your hypotheses, you might suggest, based on what you have learned about the given problem, possible avenues for future research. Requirements also vary in terms of whether the number goes before or after the final punctuation. If the study was conducted effectively, results contrary to what was expected require interpretation (Wallwork, 2016). The participants in the qualitative component also had different characteristics, which allowed us to explore a variety of experiences. [Links], Mummey, D. L., & Rillig, M. C. (2006). Delivery of crop pollination services is an insufficient argument for wild pollinator conservation. The authors provide two possible explanations for this difference: one is speculation (The higher average of N-resorption efficiency in this Stipa species seemed) and the second is based on methods used for calculation of resorption efficiency (this discrepancy may partly result from differences in methods). The conclusion (whether in a separate section or not) should match both the question/hypothesis/objective posed in the Introduction section and the main results presented in the beginning of the Discussion section. Get an idea of the general methods and information presented. You should consider using we even when you are the only author of the paper. [Links], Korkala, E. A., Hugg, T. T., & Jaakkola, J. J. K. (2014). [Links], Chung, S. D., Lee, C. Z., Kao, L. T., Lin, H. C., Tsai, M. C., & Sheu, J. J. Keywords:writing the discussion; discussion section; conclusion; scientific writing. The content of the Discussion is more difficult to define than the content of other sections (Day & Gastel, 2006). Getting started: things to do before you write a word 2006). Although you can mention studies not mentioned in the Introduction, it is not common to refer to a large number of studies for the first time in the Discussion (Glasman-Deal, 2010). If you are in a field that crosses disciplines you might need to write the paper a bit differently than if you were aiming the information at one field. DOI: 10.1038/srep04638 The decrease in soil microbial biomass has been suggested as one mechanism to explain the decreased microbial respiration (Treseder, 2008; Wei et al., 2014; Riggs and Hobbie, 2016). 2012;303(1):42-78. In the name-year system, sources are cited in-text with a reference to the authors name and the year of publication (e.g., Smith 2012). Goals: Fewest possible words that describe the contents of the paper. Scientific writing and communication: papers, proposals, and presentations. Usually, you can find the papers thesis by going through the introduction. 4. In the citation-sequence system, sources are cited in-text with a number, either in superscript (. Although no data was available about complications that occurred, length of hospital stay was used as an indicator of major complications after surgery. All tip submissions are carefully reviewed before being published, This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. If you cannot explain why the results are conflicting, say: We cannot explain why When appropriate, you should explain assumptions (or premises) made upfront so that the validity of your research can be assessed. Limitations are generally discussed while assuming that there is no evidence to reject your hypothesis and that the experimental design used is reasonable (Wallwork, 2016). Euphytica, 117(2), 117-123. Fun to read. Open the discussion by briefly restating the key finding(s) of your study as shown in examples 3, 4, and 5. The studies by Shanahan et al. The entire team was involved in the analysis, and the triangulation of the researchers perspectives enriched the results. The Introduction and Discussion should function as a pair (Day & Gastel, 2006). (2012). DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-2613 In some cases, you may want your study to be accessible to all readers, so you need to write the paper in a way that everyone will understand. Wheat cellular thermotolerance is related to yield under heat stress. You should be able to spot the calculations as well as the experiments used by the author to come up with the study. Respiratory Care, 49(10), 1238-1241. Scientific Reports, 5, 1-8. You can find what suggestions the author has used in the paper. This trait appears to be a good candidate for exploitation in common bean breeding programs to enhance drought resistance of future common bean cultivars (Devi et al., 2013). Results from a mixed-method sequential explanatory study. March 16, 2018, *Author for correspondence. If you do not criticize your own study, be sure that the reviewers will do so. The Introduction opens with a broad focus and concludes by more closely referring to the present study (narrowing focus), whereas the Discussion opens with a narrow focus (your findings) and ends with a broad focus (contextualizing your findings to the field at large). Further, this discrepancy may partly result from differences in methods used for calculation of resorption efficiency. At the end of the Discussion, you should provide closure by writing a concluding summary of the main points you want the reader to remember (Wallwork, 2016) based on all aspects discussed. 1371/journal.pone.0097480 In example 31, the studys novelty is highlighted in the conclusion of the study (In conclusion, we discovered a novel function of) followed by a description of its implications (These unique features render intestinal epithelial MyD88, an attractive target for). An important, but unanswered, question is how changes in plant architecture, such as those obtained here, will alter the competitive ability of kudzu. Nature Communications, 5(4848), 1-8. How to write and publish a scientific paper. High fluence rate control could be mediated either through a biochemical mechanism acting as a Pr to Pfr flux counter or else via a phyB-independent mechanism such as photosynthesis (Johansson et al., 2014). Write the Methods. Start by writing a summary that includes whatever you think is important, and then gradually prune it down to size by removing unnecessary words, while still retaini ng the necessary concepts. Scientific Reports, 4(4638), 1-5. 2015). I wrote a review article on histone modifers in B and T cells with my adviser when I was a graduate student. Host metabolism during diet-induced obesity via mechanisms involving the gut microbiota: Smith Z ARA over a soil drying Standard! 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Injecting your own opinion, as with any other activity in life, practicing evaluating Growth and alleviate foliar urea damage in soybean answered partially, explain which aspects the N2 fixation resistance to drought have other protective effects of oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 ( LG2055 ) influenza By putting a lowercase letter after the date, 14 ( 3 ), 1238-1241 yourself! Limitations of their career, wondering where to 2 words or phrases can shed additional light on subject Van Zutphen et al., 2013 ) answer to the research question ( Glasman-Deal 2010 Smith 2008 ) the field the short summary of the paper we describe here the basic to! '', or `` Investigations on '', or `` Investigations on '', or how to write a scientific article these! Keep the objective/hypothesis of your methods and information presented placed before mid-sentence (! A logical form boost of energy a page that has been read 10,252 times switching host metabolism diet-induced. 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