Correct referencing is one requirement of good academic writing. In order for a text to function as such a "response to previous statements and [to be] available for further statements by others," (p. 21) it must follow the reference conventions of its discipline and of the type of text. When you come to write up your findings, your literature review will therefore provide a crucial point of reference. Print Oct. 4, 2020 of https://awelu.srv.lu.se/sources-and-referencing/the-functions-of-references/. A research article within the fields of Medicine or Science will be backed up by clinical or experimental evidence (that is, evidence gathered and analysed for the study that is being reported). The extract below, which comes from Dunleavy's book Authoring a PhD: How to plan, draft, write and finish a doctoral thesis or dissertation (2003) contains advice on the issue of over-referencing: A classic "thesis paranoia" symptom is inserting supporting literature for every point, even ones that no one in their right mind would dispute or need to do further reading about, such as "The United Kingdom is a country with a long and chequered history (Davies, 1999; Trevelyan, 1966; Chesterton, 1923)." Deakin guide to referencing is just one approach – there may be a number of acceptable variations. Attendance on campus is strictly limited to permitted workers and exempt students; face masks must be worn at all times. By this he means that the way we write is essential for the understanding of the research that we aim to present in our writing: Explicit reference to prior literature is a substantial indication of a text's dependence on contextual knowledge and thus a vital piece in the collaborative construction of new knowledge between writers and readers. We use cookies to improve your experience. In some disciplines, essays and research papers have a designated part for previous research, whereas such acknowledgements may be given anywhere in the text in other disciplines. I��R����P0 1�����N��-�08Y�@�(�1�����uD�k��������Z����h`DŔ``���iXO�l��`���X� ��T�$�!|��� @�Ce�6�+x�`w�� [���7T=�]xdx��-�1�����r�3JF��zW��1���N�'���B�p�Q�X�]7����I�n%��s�?Hw��e��!��t�;�{ ��A]���H�hD_?l��Z�p��� �P�) References; Writing. File under: Essay Writing For ESLs Thesis Writing February 4, 2016 By Elite Editing. The extract below comes from The Historical Journal and deals with women teachers in nineteenth-century England: Susan Skedd has suggested that it seems paradoxical that boarding schools for girls were multiplying during the Georgian period, when Evangelical ideals of domestic femininity were gaining currency.17 However, these ideals were not necessarily, as Skedd assumes, an obstacle to the expansion of schooling for girls. All citations and references used for this tutorial can be found on the reference list page. sources. Our resources will help you with everything from reading to note-taking, and time management to exams. ��UF��Y��5 k�.p�����m�W�Â�_y�P����^�9���f��Z�]�=6��F����S���b���z�C��G;0�����Q���4:�]����T�B��0�yÒ���(%ǀU�?�;ƱE:6��Y���er�$s������AdS�L���9(�@�a�\�h�X{��PL�s���E��e���ۙ-��֊"e�� Using academic language ; Establishing your position; Writing in your own ‘voice’ Using tentative language; Clear communication. If you find this problem in your text, check whether you are overciting more generally. © Copyright Deakin University document.write(new Date().getFullYear()). The extract below comes from an article on evolutionary responses to anthropogenic changes to ecosystems. 5230 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<657A5E2B01729948879FDD893A8620E3>]/Index[5224 13]/Info 5223 0 R/Length 53/Prev 916293/Root 5225 0 R/Size 5237/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream On the contrary, especially in the early years of the century, ideas about the religious mission of women strengthened the conviction of teachers like Jane Gardiner that their work was important and necessary. She saw her role as "to teach goodness" and rose everyday at 5 a.m. in order to study as preparation for her task of sending forth "solidly educated Christian women".18. Today, referencing become the most essential part of academic writing. You must reference all sources that you use in your assignment, including words and ideas, facts, images, videos, audio, websites, It allows readers to locate the original sources of research work so that they can access the information or material and understand it in their way. To prove her point, she supplies an example that contradicts what the earlier study has stated. The sources referred to are placed in chronological order, thereby providing a brief overview of the progress within the research field. And they had listened to him with respect. These impoundments have a particularly dramatic effect on the distribution, abundance, and life histories of migratory aquatic species (Merritt & Wohl 2002). Harvard and APA). In this section, the functions of references in academic writing are explained. For a broader understanding of honesty in assignment writing, see Academic Integrity. (Waples, Zabel, Scheuerell, & Sanderson, 2007, p. 84-85). ����}�҇US��p�F��iՙ�7�g�� �|��(���L5���h��{��������wL%g�vg%G(5{�t` �c�ZI Remember that the The key reason for the importance of referencing in academic writing is related to tracing the originality of ideas. These effects are pervasive: approximately 40 000 'large' (> 15 m tall) dams are in place worldwide (ICOLD 1998), and the vast majority of major rivers are impounded (McCully 2001). Major dams typically remain in place for decades to centuries, producing long-lasting changes to natural ecosystems. 4, 28. (p. 21). Use our assignment structures and samples to find out how your peers approach their work, and what lecturers expect of you. Demonstrates academic integrity Proper referencing ensures that you have acknowledged your sources and that you have done your best to avoid plagiarism – the use of other people's words, ideas or materials without proper acknowledgement. The later study (by Richard and Slane) is distinguished from that of Dudycha by the phrase "In contrast". Longer texts may be further divided into subsections. 0 In order to show what is new in their essay or article, writers thus need to acknowledge what has previously been published within the field. As seen in the above example, one way of positioning oneself as a writer is to present a previous study and then argue against it by supplying information not used in the previous study. The embedding of arguments in networks of references not only suggests an appropriate disciplinary orientation, but reminds us that statements are invariably a response to previous statements and are themselves available for further statements by others. Reason #5: To Support Your Own Findings. Consequently, writers need to be aware of the audience for which they are writing. Monash University is a registered higher education provider under the TEQSA Act 2011. Comment: The reference style used here is an author-date system, which gives the year of publication in parenthesis, thereby automatically informing the reader about the time span between the two opposing views that are presented. If unwell, get tested and do not come to campus.View our latest COVID-19 updates. Some referencing styles may have several variations (as used by different academic publishers), especially for online sources, as this is an area of referencing that is still evolving. It provides authenticity to students’ research work in which they put their effort and dedication. She also highlights her own findings by using introductory tags such as "However" and "On the contrary". endstream endobj startxref University assignments are a big challenge, but we can guide you. For other requirements, see the section on academic writing. The importance of referencing in academic writing may seem like a no-brainer, but improper attribution often goes unchecked. For more information about the use of reporting verbs and introductory tags, see the AWELU sections called: Depending on discipline, writers use different kinds of primary data to support their claims, and the use they make of such data will differ. Australian university referencing requirements may be different from those at your previous school, college or university. .]. As practices vary between disciplines, students are advised to consult their supervisors regarding appropriate ways of presenting primary data. 18Everilda Gardiner, Recollections of a beloved mother (London, 1842), pp. Comment: The article writer quotes from Achebe's novel in order to exemplify her argument regarding Okonkwo, the protagonist. Get help with all aspects of your assignment, from research to writing. This positioning is carried out in different ways, depending on discipline and text type. 5224 0 obj <> endobj By acknowledging all sources that have been used in the preparation of a text, writers form part of the ongoing exchange of ideas and data that signifies the academic community. Once you know which referencing style to use for a specific unit, be consistent as possible within that style. Massey Library offers EndNote, bibliographic management software that can create, store, and manage references automatically. Transition Words for Essays: Words and Phrases Used in Academic Writing. This extract, from Research in African Literatures, discusses Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart (referred to as TFA below). Using the right sources in your work provides you with the supporting evidence you need in your assignment. In order to show what is new, scholarly writers need to position their work in relation to previous research in the field. Various Schools at Deakin, and even units within Schools, may require students to use different referencing styles. Den här webbplatsen använder kakor för att ge dig som besökare en bättre användarupplevelse. Information for Indigenous Australians. (p. 122), Lund University We acknowledge and pay respects to the Elders and Traditional Owners of the land on which our four Australian campuses stand. %PDF-1.5 %���� This is one reason why supervisors pay so much attention to formal aspects of academic essay writing. Whichever variations you use, it is important to always be consistent in how you format your references. Alternatively, they may be a temporary authority whose validity you intend to challenge or they may be considered as obviously wrong. Writing clear paragraphs; Writing clearly, concisely and precisely; Signposting; Paraphrasing, summarising and quoting; Editing and proof-reading your work; Assignment types. Are you working on a research project? 17Susan Skedd, "Women teachers and the expansion of girls' schooling in England, c. 1760-1820", in Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus, eds., Gender in eighteenth century England (London, 1997), p. 103. Even shorter essays that are not divided into titled sections follow such a structure. It will be clear to readers from which resources the evidence is taken from. Instructional video from the free online MOOC "Writing in English at University" which was developed at Lund University in 2016. Features of academic writing. Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden References in academic writing have different functions. Alternatively, they may be a temporary authority whose validity you intend to challenge or they may be considered as obviously wrong. Copyright © 2020 Monash University. Plagiarism can be intentional (deliberate cheating) or unintentional (happen accidentally). You cannot assume that the referencing style for one unit will necessarily be the same in another unit, even in the same School. Last updated: Feb 2020. We acknowledge the traditional owners of the lands on which Deakin University stands and we pay our respect. The structure of your writing depends on the type of assignment, but two common structures used in academic writing are the three-part essay structure and the IMRaD structure. By referring to previous, relevant, studies, writers present opposing views within the field while giving background information on the topic. This can be confusing, so make sure you always check the particular referencing requirements in each unit guide. As Taylor (2002) states, References may be used as the ultimate authority upon which to base arguments. The examples below show how authors acknowledge previous research in their fields. Referencing details are also generally unattractive, so if overdone they can detract quite a lot from the "look and feel" of your text. Our step-by-step guide will take you through the process, from planning to writing and publishing. There can be variations even within one referencing style. All these features mean that referencing and citing are vital components of academic practice. You consent to the use of our cookies if you proceed. which was developed at Lund University in 2016. In doing this, they also provide a basis for their own argument. �7(���)DQd�-�K!�EVB�۫x9qbV#ĕx#��p,6�6�kI#�m������T��>�G��������vw����h͵7�v��FK�uS��b.yE��k��\h��^�Z�)��.< �,{���{�/�nw7��g�q�uZ�� �V��A���`$=E�O�mj���]U�ay�i��+m�*�\h�����n��������Քڗ=m��{��.��]���v�f�N�j�>��T��5ǥ����UV�ڏ��#�l9�O8{��a�HڙO�'�,����a�T�����u���a�ِ�� When writing assignments for your studies, academic papers outlining our research or reports for work, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you: 5236 0 obj <>stream A central aim of research is to expand knowledge. If a student is able to become familiar with these words and phrases, their academic writing will certainly improve faster and their comprehension of academic texts will increase. In contrast, Richard and Slane's (1990) findings led them to conclude that "punctuality appears to be a persistent personality characteristic that is measurable by subjective or objective methods" (p. 401). The writer refers to a previous study ("Susan Skedd has suggested...") and then positions her own research against this publication. In fact, as linguist Ken Hyland (2004) has argued, "appropriate textual practices are crucial to the acceptance of claims" (p. 21). 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In the hope of showing everything that the writer has read, a common beginner's mistake is to insert too many and, thereby, irrelevant references. A common kind of over-referencing occurs when references are given to facts that can be seen as common knowledge; if readers to whom the text is directed can be expected to know a general fact that is being stated in the text, no reference is needed. Note that over-referencing does not strengthen the writer's argument but may have the opposite effect! Note too, that the first researcher referred to (Dudycha) is described as a pioneer, thereby establishing his early importance in the field. Readers would feel comfortable when they identify the original work. Examples of specificity within disciplines, Reviews (review articles and book reviews), Framing the text: Title and reference list, Singular noun phrases connected by "either/or", Connected singular and plural noun phrases, Subjects containing "along with", "as well as", and "besides", Some important exceptions and words of advice, Differences between British and American spelling, Submitting someone else's text as one's own, free online MOOC "Writing in English at University", The Department of Service Management and Service Studies, The Department of Strategic Communication, Department of Informatics (Information Systems – ndlr), Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History. Consistency in punctuality across different situations was not very high and appeared to depend on the similarity between situations (Dudycha, 1939). Comment: Here, too, an author-date reference style has been used. Genom att surfa på denna webbplats godkänner du att vi använder kakor. If a student fails to use and acknowledge sources appropriately, whether accidentally or on purpose, plagiarism might occur. This will make the writing and referencing process much easier later on, and also help you to avoid accidentally copying and plagiarising someone else's work. When the village meets to decide on its response to a Christian convert's murder of an ancestor, Okonkwo "had spoken violently to his clansmen [. Australian university students are required to acknowledge all sources in the body of their paper where they summarise, paraphrase or quote statistics, diagrams and data. The "comparison and contrast" brought up by Taylor are key issues in referencing. Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that a researcher have used in a way that uniquely identifies each source. guide. Later on an excessive overcautious referencing approach also signals "PhD thesis" immediately to journal editors and reviewers, and to book publishers. When and why are references given? The following extract, which comes from The Journal of Social Psychology, deals with attitudes towards the importance of punctuality (time keeping). Phone: +46 (0)46 222 00 00 (pbx). By referring to previous research in the field, the authors provide a factual background to their own discussion: Humanity already captures and uses more than half of the available fresh water on a global basis (Postel et al. Your unit guide may specify a variation of one of the styles presented in this referencing guide – and for that reason your unit guide should always be consulted before using this endstream endobj 5225 0 obj <. Authorised by: Chief Marketing Officer, Strategic Marketing and Communications. Different units may use different styles. There are two main reasons why we use source material in our writing: to support a particular point that we have just made in the body of the essay or dissertation; to indicate to the reader that we have read and understood the literature that is relevant to the particular topic. Plagiarism, collusion and contract cheating, Approaches to assignments in your faculty, Principles for writing a Literary Studies Essay, Steps for writing a Literary Studies essay, Sample Business and Economics reflective essay, Understanding case notes and marker expectations, Reflective writing and critical incidents, Essay writing in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Reflective practice in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, About citing and referencing (DOC, 1.24 MB), Research & Learning Online Webmaster Team. References in academic writing have different functions. Many students believe that academic writing is wordy and convoluted, and uses a lot of jargon. A common method is to present previous research and then present new facts that either expand the knowledge presented by earlier research, or, indeed, contradict it. It was like the good old days again, when a warrior was a warrior," and a man was a man (TFA 176). It’s very common for students to use long words they don’t understand very well in their essays and theses because they have a certain idea of what academic writing should be. Oxford), while others require the name of the author(s) and year of publication in the body of the paper (e.g. ABN 12 377 614 012 Accessibility - Disclaimer and copyright - Website terms and conditions - Data Protection and Privacy Procedure - Data Consent Settings, Monash University CRICOS Provider Number: 00008C, Monash College CRICOS Provider Number: 01857J. In the opening of their article, the authors wish to present two opposing views within their research field by making brief references to previous key studies: In pioneer research on punctuality, Dudycha found that men tended to be more punctual than women (Dudycha, 1937), but that more women than men mentioned consideration for others as important in the context of punctuality (Dudycha, 1938). After the quote, she follows up with a brief explanation of the plot and then ends the passage with an analytical comment to prove her point. Herein lies the essence of comparison and contrast between the authors' findings and those of others. In academic writing, there are certain transition words and phrases that are used consistently. You probably know that it is important to use referencing in your writing at university, but why is it so important? h�bbd``b`���{ �� $X���?�E��dщ�o�� �� Visit our Privacy policy for more information. (p. 167). . In order to present their ideas and findings, writers have to discuss them in comparison or in contrast to previous research. +7(980)266-5074 contact@falconediting.com falconediting Editing of scientific papers, translation from Russian to English, formatting and … When the District Commissioner's messengers arrive at the second village meeting, Okonkwo can only respond with the physical force that defines his understanding of masculinity. 2. By using verbs like "suggest" and "assume," the writer shows that she does not agree with the conclusions drawn in the previous study. h��T�k[U?�%�}kߺ��_p��W}��x�֑�o]׮��[[�V�M�o Zu�l*�$��-Ylnj0D�)c?l���/B�@׬�(8�)hW�l�N��y���}��s���9�ǻ ���� As Taylor (2002) states, References may be used as the ultimate authority upon which to base arguments. In most academic texts, references have at least one of the following, sometimes overlapping, functions: Writers need to show their awareness of previous and related research within the field. In other words, writers need to conform to the tradition in which they write. Comment: This journal uses a footnote style for references. It comes from a journal titled Molecular Ecology. Formally, Okonkwo's desire to perform an adequate or superlative manliness propels both the plot in general and the specific climactic confrontation between the village and the District Commissioner, the representative of colonial authority. Referencing is the acknowledgement of the sources that you use in your work. Citation helps to tackle plagiarism issues. Some referencing styles use footnotes (e.g. The parenthetical reference style used here is MLA. 1997). A reference should always have a clear function and it must be relevant to the argument of the text. When reading and taking notes, always write down the full details of the source (author/s, title, page number and other publication details). Referencing is necessary to: • provide support for factual statements/claims made in an academic document, • enable the reader to verify quotations and/or information, Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code 00113B. Okonkwo's crisis of sexual identity and difference precipitates the crisis of racial difference. The character discussed, Okonkwo, is the protagonist of the novel, which is set in the late nineteenth century in present-day Nigeria: I want, however, to draw attention to the ways in which reading of Okonkwo's crisis of masculinity becomes a metonymical figure for understanding the crisis of colonialism and the confrontation with racial difference. 1996), largely through diversions and impoundments to rivers (Vitousek et al. It is important to consider the relevance of the references that are being used. Quoting and referencing. 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The significance of any results you achieve will depend to some extent on how they compare to those reported in the existing literature. Different units may use different referencing styles, so always check carefully which style is required for each of your assignments. %%EOF 1. By teaching their students how a scholarly text is structured and in what manner references are given, supervisors guide them into the research community of their field. References are given whenever a source, which supplies some kind of fact or evidence, is used.