The quotation can be long or short. (Dartmouth, 2008, para. Blend the words of the author with your own words. According to Princeton Writing Centre (2009, para. Guide to Integrating Quotations Using the APA Style Rules, Does your signal phrase include at least a subject and a verb (e.g., He suggested?). The one exception is if the quotation is an appositive phrase: To describe the reasoning of toddlers, child psychologist Martin Frost (2015) coined a humorous portmanteau word: “toddlerlogical” (p. 205). You might be asking yourself, do I need to end every sentence right after the quotation? instead of p. Now that we know the three basic parts of a quotation we can zoom in a little more. Note that this category addresses the use of quotation marks other than in the presentation of direct quotations. This can give the impression that you don’t have enough to say and are using quotations to take up space [a common strategy for some students]. When to use direct quotes versus indirect quotes is ultimately a choice you'll learn a feeling for with experience. There are “run-in quotes,” and quotes that are separated by block text. Leaving out some words (because you may not need all of the words in the middle of the quote), Use an ellipsis signal (three dots … ). If your quotation started at the beginning of a sentence in your source, have you kept the capital? Note that many of these constructions are introduced by the conjunction as: In addition, sometimes you might use a verb that indicates not how the idea is expressed, but how it is received: Now it should be pointed out that your signal phrase can include quite a bit more than the author and the verb. (exception: the quotation is an appositive noun). Quotation marks Semicolon Square brackets Useful language Contrasting In contrast whereas ... as “(see below)” and “(Fig. number—for more of APA's guidance on citing a specific part of a work without page numbers, see our. Note that APA papers tend to include few direct quotations, as paraphrasing is the preferred method of citing sources. A colon (:) OR a comma precedes (goes before) most long quotes (more than 40 words). Occasionally you may come across a quotation that has no signal phrase. Don’t change a couple of words from a direct quote and think that it is a paraphrase – either use the exact words or change the words of the author significantly so that it is a correct paraphrase. The most important one is that you should not give the impression of being the author of the quotation. It was Fandangle (1882), the nineteenth-century antiquarian, who famously wrote about the Greek philosopher Stroumboulopoulos, “Just like the popular culture he analyzed, he is now mostly forgotten” (p. 117). A direct quote may be: Read this paragraph and note the direct quotes: When you decide to use the exact words of an author in your writing, you will need to consider whether you want to use only a few words (short quote) or a longer chunk of text (long quote). If you feel uncomfortable about extending your sentence after the quotation, then just use a period and start a new sentence. and the period. Accessing this subject requires a login. This includes quotes from published works and primary data such as interviews. That would amount to plagiarism. When citing multiple pages, use the abbreviation pp. Don’t just dump quoted information into your paragraph. You can even place the signal phrase in the middle if you like: “The high costs of drugs,” wrote economist Santana (2017, p. 19), “are as much an effect of government intervention as a by-product of free market capitalism.”. In such cases the signal phrase is usually a short expression (see above). With such a fast change in training and requirements, districts often neglect to keep their teachers up to date. For example: Click on ‘Start analysis’ to see how the quotes have been modified. Also, the excessive use of quotes … may be taken to indicate that you don’t understand the position well enough to explain it in your own words. Registration confirmation will be emailed to you. It is useful sometimes to use the original words of the author when those exact words carry special significance. The lecturers prefer to see paraphrasing – writing quotes in your own words). Academic work is open-minded and enquiring – so as a student you should question arguments rather than being too certain. Incorrect citation: Christensen (2010) regarded the "infiltration of only red light" as a success in the experiment (p. 32). For more examples of integrating quotations into your own sentences along with guidance on punctuation and capitalization of quotations, please visit our page on Quotation Marks. You can also place all this information in the final parentheses: Drinking a can of coke has an immediate effect on the body: “Because you have just swallowed your entire daily intake of sugar, your liver goes into overdrive and turns sugar into fat” (Sindhu, 2011, p. 41). Your page or paragraph number should always have a period, with no space between the p. or para. Whereas in ordinary speech we easily introduce the words of others (he said; she was like), it somehow seems more difficult in writing. Other uses of quotation marks in academic writing. Please note that the APA referencing style is used in this workshop. Welcome to the EMCC on "Using Sources in Academic Writing" Mini-Prep Course. For more information about the APA guidelines for integrating quotations, see especially sections 8.25-8.36 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). As you integrate sources, you will also often begin analyzing the evidence. Example: Samson (2010) stated, “Mirror neurons allow for imitation and empathy” (p. 214). 11), According to Princeton Writing Centre (2009, para. You will have to be selective about which words you quote, as the transition needs to be seamless. Note that the formal introduction does not need to have a verb of expression (writes, believes, argues, etc.). In academic writing, nearly every quotation is made up of three parts: a signal phrase, the quote itself, and some kind of citation: Signal Phrase + Quote + Citation. One of the easiest ways to introduce a quotation is to announce who the speaker or author is and to add a verb that describes the way in which the idea is expressed: As Truculent (2015) wrote, “The best part of the pizza is the crust” (p. 314). This means every direct quotation should have the following: In APA, in order to best incorporate your direct quotations, pay close attention the punctuation: Correct citation: Christensen (2010) regarded the "infiltration of only red light" (p. 32) as a success in the experiment. 11), No punctuation if the quote is fully integrated, A comma if you have used a reporting word or phrase, No comma if you've used a reporting word or phrase followed by 'that', Punctuation mark goes after the end of the quote. Quotation marks are used to present linguistic examples and titles of book chapters and articles in the text. For longer passages, use block quotations. Are both the quotation and your introduction complete sentences? Another acceptable variant is to introduce the quotation with a short prepositional phrase: According to Virgil Cain (2014), “Japanese gymnasts have managed to improve their elasticity by eating copious amounts of calamari” (p. 44). Checklist for continuing on after the quotation: Now that know how to introduce a quotation with a signal phrase, check out part 2 of our guide on quoting to learn about all those finicky exceptions! This paragraph feels a bit choppy because the author is jumping from one idea to another. It is important to consult and acknowledge sources in your academic writing. Short quotes are less than 40 words. Our advice is to play it safe and always provide a signal phrase. Here are some instances where the “short expression” is not all that short: As Randolph (2017) suggested, in a salacious memoir that caused quite a scandal, “There was always inappropriate behaviour at his parties.”. A strong way to integrate source material is to use transitions. The quotation then acts as proof or evidence of the signal phrase: Godfrey Boggart (2011), on the other hand, claimed that opera is a dead art form: “While classic operas like Carmen or The Magic Flute are still being performed, most new operas receive little public attention and are in any case overshadowed by musicals” (p. 49). Didn't find what you need? Judes (2010) suggested, "ESL teachers often do not have updated certification" (p. 33). Here is an example: Odysseus was “the man of twists and turns” (1.1), an apt description of both his character and his wanderings coming home from Troy. There are quotes within other quotes and different punctuation styles depending on the subject matter, style guide used, and even the country. According to Grant (2009), "The percentage of ESL students in high schools has gone up 75% in the last ten years" (p. 338). (Dartmouth, 2008, para. This can give the impression that you don’t have enough to say and are using quotations to take up space. Notice that the signal phrase may include the author and a verb of expression, but neither is essential. Does your signal phrase end with a comma? In all such cases we can use a comma between the signal phrase and the quotation. 7), The Princeton Writing Centre (2009, para. In fact, being able to integrate quotations will give you the confidence to interact with the ideas of others, to be part of a larger discussion. In academic writing, you need to use quotation marks when you quote a source. If you want to see dramatic improvement in your writing, then focus on integrating quotations. If you can paraphrase the idea in your own words, do so. 7), direct quotes should only be used provide support for academic argument for a “compelling” (one word) reason and the choice to quote may be because “you want your readers to be able to see, in full, what someone else has said” (16 words) before you go on to analyse the statement. Occasionally, you may use direct quotes (the exact words of the author) as evidence in your writing. When you join your introductory words to your quote, use the following punctuation rules: Writing teachers note that students often misunderstand the role of quotations in writing and overdo the strategy. USING QUOTATION IN ACADEMIC WRITING. Don’t worry though–with a bit of practice you’ll master the rules soon enough. The following descriptions will help you with quotation marks in your academic writing. Note too how the date and page number are in the same parentheses and come directly after the author, not after the quotation. There are different rules for using quotes according to the length of the quote. However, always try to have a sense for why you've chosen your quote. The key is that the signal phrase and the quotation need to be combined to form a complete sentence. Any other details should be saved for the final references list. Buchanan (2016) contended that “despite being the longest ice age, the Huronian era remains understudied” (p. 3). In that case you don’t need any punctuation in between. Most of the time you need mention only the author, the date of publication, and the page or line number. The formal introduction consists of an independent clause that typically makes a claim about the quotation that follows. 7) instructs its students, “You should present a quote exactly as the author wrote it, down to the punctuation”, and that they must “observe all of the rules if any changes are made to the text or punctuation of a quote, [S]tudents include four quotations where one would do. Speaking of this shift, Gramber (2010) wrote, "The scope of ESL education is changing rapidly" (p. 2834). Search our website or email us. All examples follow APA style rules. According to Princeton Writing Centre (2009, para. It’s just sitting there, all by itself in the middle of a paragraph. Have you put punctuation after the parentheses as appropriate. In addition, just as with the short expression, the quotation is usually a complete sentence too. Notice, however, that at the core of these signal phrases we still have the author and the verb. Just make sure your signal phrase and the quotation form a complete sentence. The only caution is that continuing after the quotation is best done when your signal phrase runs right into the quotation (see above) and when the quotation is relatively short. Have you put the parentheses immediately after each quotation? You’ll notice that this passage is not crammed full of bibliographic information. 1, 5). Much of the writing you will do for your courses at the Divinity School will necessitate the use of quotations—either from primary sources such as the Bible and significant thinkers such as Augustine, Luther, Wesley, etc., or from secondary sources—but using quotations effectively Quotations are categorized by the way they are introduced, and there are three different signal phrases. If it’s quite long then it may have to be formatted differently as a block quotation. Quotations are normally reserved for definitions, to capture an author’s apt phrasing, or to interact with the specific wording of the source (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 8.25). 7), direct quotes should only be used provide support for academic argument for a “compelling”, Students include four quotations where one would do. Doctoral Capstone Preproposal Starter Kit, Integrating Direct Quotations Into Your Paragraphs, website accessibility and accommodation statement, Office of Student Experiential Learning Services, Page (p.) or paragraph (para.) It just needs to be a complete sentence that allows us to make sense of the quotation. Have you put the appropriate closing punctuation after the parentheses (e.g., a period) rather than at the end of the quotation? In academic writing, nearly every quotation is made up of three parts: a signal phrase, the quote itself, and some kind of citation: Example: As Kurt Ramble (2006) argued, “Urban farming should be incorporated in the elementary school curriculum” (p. 78). Most quotations share the following details. According to Grant (2009), "The percentage of ESL students in high schools has gone up 75% in the last ten years" (p. 338). For longer passages, use block quotations. 7), direct quotes should only be used provide support for academic argument, As the Princeton Writing Centre (2009, para. Do your words combine with the quotation to form a complete sentence? Do your words combine with the quotation(s) to form a complete sentence? Teachers in ESL classrooms need more access to professional development. Leave a space either side of the 3 dots, Use square brackets [ ] around the letter, Adding words to the quote (without changing the meaning), Use square brackets [ ] around the added words, Make sure your quotation blends with the sentence, Use strong or weak author to acknowledge the source, Use reporting words or phrases to integrate the quote into your writing, Reference your source of information with author, date and page or paragraph number, include the quote in the text by using reporting words, leave no space above and below the long quote, make the text size the same as the essay text size, indent approximately one centimetre to the right. In most social science disciplines, you will use direct quotations only sparingly. When writers follow guidelines for the use of italics and quotation marks, their papers become more consistent and readable. A more acceptable variant is where the order is flipped around, and the signal phrase comes afterwards: “The high costs of drugs are as much an effect of government intervention as a by-product of free market capitalism,” wrote economist Santana (2017, p. 19). The transept “first became popular in Romanesque architecture, and it gave the basilica the appearance of a Latin cross” (Chevet, 2018, p. 5). Gramber (2010) said, "The scope of ESL education is changing rapidly" (p. 2834). Connelly (2012) mentions the contrary opinion of Judge Gavel, who wrote, “No jury should convict on those grounds” (as cited in Connelly, p. 23). This is also a great way to string together a number of shorter quotations: Matilda Anderson (2016), in a recent address to the Anthropophagy Society, argued for a “redefinition of cannibalism” so that the restaurant industry “might have a new source of protein” (pp. It’s about having a conversation. A Guide to Writing 1 . 2-3 long quotes and 4-5 short quotes is enough in a 2000 word essay). However, readers cannot determine why the author chose to list each of these ideas or how they are connected. In this paragraph, there are several excellent direct quotations. The cited page or paragraph number for direct quotations should always come directly after the quotation marks end. So there you have it: if you pick one of the three signal phrases you should have no trouble introducing your quotations. This way of integrating the quotation (placing the signal phrase later in the sentence) is of course much more common when the words are spoken rather than written down: “I will shoot anyone who thinks gun control is unnecessary,” shouted Ella Pringle, at a rally in Utah. A study found that "Non-native English speakers require a different pedagogy than native speakers" (Bartlett, 2004, p. 97). There are plenty of other verbs that work equally well (APA normally uses the past tense): argued, believed, noted, stated, implied, observed, etc. Don’t use too many direct quotes in your writing (e.g. The parts of a quotation. Direct quoting should not, however, be the primary strategy for presenting evidence in your writing. A Guide to Writing 1 USING QUOTATION IN ACADEMIC W RITING Much of the writing you will do for your courses at the Divinity School will necessitate the use of quotations—either from primary sources such as the Bible and significant thinkers such as Augustine, Luther, Wesley, etc., or from secondary sources—but using quotations effectively (as well as correctly documenting them) … Teachers in ESL classrooms need more access to professional development. Beware of words like ‘should’, ‘ought’ and ‘must’, and think carefully about using words like ‘definitely’ which suggest now room for debate around a statement. Every direct quotation citation should be incorporated into the paragraph with quotation marks. Kind of sad really, as the reader may have no idea what to make of it. The signal phrase consists of your own words that signal to the reader that there’s a quotation coming. If you find this an awkward construction, then just use the next method of integrating quotations: the run-in quotation. Use direct quotations when the author you are quoting has coined a term unique to her or his research and relevant within your own paper. In academic writing they are also of course used in referencing, enclosing the year of publication, or author and year of publication. Quotation marks (also known as speech marks, quotes or inverted commas) are used to set off direct speech and quotations. Use a direct quotation only if the exact phrasing of the original material is crucial to your point. Here are a set of rules to clearly distinguish your writing from the quotation: When you use a direct quote, you copy and reference the exact word/s of the author into your writing. Otherwise your reader won’t immediately know what to make of the quotation and has to wait for an explanation. Can I extend the sentence? Judes (2008) suggested, "ESL teachers often do not have updated certification." Follow these conventions: Students often misunderstand the role of quotations in writing and overdo the strategy: Moreover, there are a number of technical rules that students need to learn to use quotations correctly in their writing. Use quotation marks around the words you are borrowing directly from another source. For example, you should mention titles mainly if they are directly relevant to your argument or if you are citing multiple works by the same author. Read our website accessibility and accommodation statement. However, teachers must have up-to-date techniques and be familiar with the most recent theories in the field of ESL education. As for the citation, in this guide we will be using parentheses, but you could use footnotes or endnotes if you’re not following APA conventions. There are some rules and standards when using quotations in an essay. Next we have a more stately way to introduce quotations. Use quotation marks around the words you are borrowing directly from another source. Please enter your credentials below! This increase has caused a shift in the tradition training of ESL educators. If you would like to print a version of this page, please download our handy Guide to Integrating Quotations Using the APA Style Rules. 2.3)”. The following table gives you a few of the most common rules for modifying the words of authors in a direct quote: © University of New England CRICOS Provider Number 00003G. Also, the excessive use of quotes can make an assignment look like a patchwork quilt which may be taken to indicate that you don’t understand the position well enough to explain it in your own words. On this page we’ll cover the basics of integrating quotations. Follow these conventions: Long quotes are 40 words or more. Often you can combine your signal phrase with the quotation to form one complete sentence. Does your quotation start with a capital? Don’t fudge it by adding semi-colons. Quotation marks can be used to set off words from the text that the writer wishes to highlight: Example: 'Wellies' is the short form for wellington boots, named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. In 2018, Evans suggested, “Cell phones and tablets have increasingly overlapping capabilities” (p. 58). These sentences help to move the reader along from one quotation to another while also connecting the quotations. Note that all the transitions and connecting sentences are in bold. One of the best ways to accomplish this update and keep educators aware of currents trends and theories in their fields is through professional development. It’s an area where many people struggle. Does your introductory phrase end with a colon? Have you left out all punctuation before the quotation? While you’re free to experiment, in academic prose it’s best to place your signal phrase before the quotation.